Health Disparities in New Zealand from a Marxist Perspective Essay

In New Zealand society there many are people who encounter with Health disabilities and issues that do not only impact their wellbeing but also their lives. However the majority of them cannot control their Health situation due to their lifestyle, in addition to this problem the distribution of Health services contribute to the creation of ‘Health Disparities’. In this essay I will classify Heath Disparities in New Zealand from a Marxist perspective, where it will become visible that Health inequality within our country lies in the structure of society. However our society is constructed through social stratification which is the process where people are classed in the hierarchical system; based on superiority and subordination (Llewellyn, A. , Agu, L. , & Mercer, D. 2008). This technique of classing society contributes to why inequalities exist today. I will focus on how Marxist’s perspective integrates the structure of capitalism and social class in society where it influences Health in New Zealand. Inequalities within health are distinguished between different population groups, where there is variance in a group’s health or health care (Reid & Robson, 2006). This is caused by gender, ethnicity, age, environment and economic status (Howden- Chowden, 2005). Health disparities in New Zealand conflict with the structure of society, however it is logical that in order to have an impact on society we must hold power (Dew & Kirkman, 2007). This brings us to the Marxist perspective where Karl Marx (1818-1883) focused his research on the development of capitalists (Cree, 2010). The rise of capitalism originated from the modes of production, which relates to the way society organises production of material and also enables surplus value to become generated (McLennan, McManus & Spoonly, 2010). Capitalism within New Zealand is based on the operation of production allowing the continuation of profit to increase for owners; however this means superiority constructs society in a manner where it will benefit them while alienating other classes (Dew & Kirkman, 2007). Marxist’s main focus of capitalism is class structure where the process of social stratification comes into place. An individual’s status in the class structure is measured through their socio-economic status, this can also be calculated by the amount of power they have in society (Llewellyn, Agu & Mercer, 2008). Through the Marxist theory we come to an understanding of the development of low income that workers earn through production. The functions of capitalism and class structure identifies that individuals whom receive low income, is impacted in every domain of their lives this includes health. Health inequalities are strongly influenced by socio-economic differences which expose’s factors such as income, housing, diet and occupational toxin as high impacts on a person’s health. Through the Marxist perspective we understand that capitalism’s main focus is based within the growth of profit, however the power that capitalist’s (known as owners of production) hold influences the health of their workers. Capitalists have control over wages; work hours and the environment of workers (Newman, 2008) they also go to the extent of exploitation and alienation in order for their profits to increase (McLennan, McManus & Spoonly, 2010). Workers face the effects of class consciousness (McLennan, McManus & Spoonly, 2010) they become competitive and are blinded from realizing that they are being over worked and at the same time under paid. Proletariats become vulnerable to ill health through poor working conditions and also lack of freedom (Howden- Chowden, 2005). For example lack of freedom in their work environment can lead proletariats to stress and fatigue illnesses. Health disabilities such as chronic illness, toxic appearance in an individual’s immune system and also serious accidents are caused from poor working conditions (Howden- Chowden, 2005). Capital is known to be a factor that contributes to human misery and alienation, which leads to health disabilities. Health Disparities within our society varies throughout the different levels of class. The class structure consists of two main levels which are Bourgeoisie; the highest class that contains capitalists and individuals who hold power. The Proletariat class is for workers in production, and who have no power (Joseph, 2006). Health services within New Zealand are distributed unevenly where it benefits the wealthy (Bourgeoisie) and excludes others such as the Proletariats (Dew & Kirkman, 2007). Although health services in our society are available for everyone’s use, it is imbalanced within the quality. For example individuals in the upper class have access to higher quality services, such as private insurance and specialists (Dew & Kirkman, 2007). However through research it has become more apparent that workers have the highest exposure to ill health (Howden- Chowden, 2005) this means they need this service more than others but it is not affordable. The gradients of avoidable and unavoidable death rates are very different; Proletariats have high rates within avoidable deaths, this means that the majority of deaths could have been avoided through medical consultation. As for the Bourgeoisie class it is at high rates of unavoidable deaths, although they’ve received quality treatment it cannot be cured (Dew & Kirkman, 2007). Inequalities within social class have different influences on an individual’s health, in particularly the quality of health provided for each class level. Through the development of capitalism and social class, it’s obvious that the creation of ‘low income’ becomes one of the main attribute to health disparities. Proletariats that encounter this issue have higher risks of low life expectancy and also a high mortality rate (Howden- Chowden, 2005) they are also forced to live in high levels of Deprivation (Dew & Kirkman, 2007). This situation does not only impact workers but also their families, where living in a damp cold home increases vulnerability of ill health such as cardiovascular diseases (Howden- Chowden, 2005). Low income also influences a family’s diet as they can only afford food that are high in calories and low in nutrition, this leads to morbid obesity and also Diabetes (Howden- Chowden, 2005). By understanding the impacts of low income in an individual’s life we also recognize that low income leads to poverty. Through the notion of Marxist’s perspective of health disparities within our country, it is understandable that in order to unravel this issue the system within society must change. This can transpire by establishing additional organisations that hold a responsibility to support population groups who encounter with health disabilities but cannot afford health services; this will support families in debt and also decrease health inequalities. Our system needs to improve their public services where it is affordable yet good quality, allowing workers to receive health support in order to maintain an occupation to provide for their families. Improvement of health services available for workers is extremely important not only for themselves but also for capitalist, as they will decrease in profit if workers become ill and lose jobs. If this process continues it will come to a point where capitalists increase their surplus value impacting other workers, where exploitation and alienation will intensify. By having the capability to unpack health disparities from a Marxist perspective, we are able to understand that inequalities in New Zealand health mainly impact the working class. Where the construction of society makes it visible that low income is the central foundation of health disparities, and also poverty. We need to understand that the only way out of inequality not only in health care, but in general is through improvement of the system. Kevin Dew and Allison Kirkman (2005, pp. 241) stated â€Å"People are not poor because they are sick, they are sick because they are poor. †

Two World Wars A Journey of Borden’s Fiction

Introduction The topic of Word War I literature and World War II literature is one that is extensively covered and researched by contemporary critics and scholars. However, the focus tends to be on literature of either one or the other war and not typically on any links between the two. The research that exists is largely centred on either gender or class in the literature, not about how a particular gender writes about a specific class. Therefore, a dissertation on Mary Borden’s focus on aristocracy in the two world wars will help fill a gap in research on war literature.1.1 Research ObjectiveMary Borden lived through and wrote extensively on both wars and this dissertation will establish and illustrate the evolution of Borden’s war consciousness and philosophies surrounding warfare and its impact on society. Borden’s narrative focus began as intensely personal and situated in the aristocratic world, which was familiar to her, but evolved between wars and had opened up and shifted in a more political direction by the end of World War II. In order to prove this and explore how the wars affected Borden’s writing, the dissertation will strive to answer the following questions: To what extent did Borden’s novels reflect the events of the two war eras How did Mary Borden valuate the aristocracy and why In what way was her opinion of the aristocracy influenced by the wars and her contemporary era as a whole What kinds of themes are adopted in the novels depending on whether they are pre-, during or post-war period and how much do they differ To what extent do Borden’s themes reflect the transitions in society and the changing roles of men and women that resulted from the two wars1.2. Proposed StructureThe proposed dissertation will be structured in five chapters set out around the following topics: Introduction – Sets out the biography of Mary Borden in broad strokes, introduces the research questions and aim set out above and explains the choice to focus on Borden’s novels and memoirs because they more directly show the influence of the war on Borden’s consciousness and is less restricted by the mandatory commentary on form that poetry elicits. Borden and World War I – Borden’s memoir will be the foundation that a discussion around her opinions of the aristocracy and its influence on the coming and effects of the war is built. Borden and World War II – Debates the new ideas introduced by Borden that were not present in her writing on the great war and uses her other memoir to again research how her life at this stage influenced the thinking in her writing. The impact of war on Borden’s literary consciousness – Establishes the reason Mary Borden should be read as a war novelist because of her evolving consciousness in her novels regarding the causes and effects of war on society. Conclusion – Mary Borden was very much a novelist shaped by the two word wars and her own heritage strongly influenced her thinking around the impact the war had on herself and society at large. By structuring the dissertation in this manner – with the writing from each war in separate chapters the clarity of the argument will benefit in that it is easier to draw upon separate sources and build comprehensive profiles of how Borden wrote about the two wars. Once such profiles have been established, the fourth chapter can use these as the foundation of empirical evidence upon which to base a coherent exploration of the evolution of Borden’s war consciousness in her writing. This chapter will provide the opportunity for the author’s analytical skillset to be proven. Literature Review2.1 Primary literatureThe two chapters on the world wars will use two of Borden’s memoirs as the foundation for arguing how Borden’s life influenced her work. The Forbidden Zone will be analysed for the chapter on World War I and Journey Down A Blind Alley will be used for World War II. Further, the chapter on WWI will centre upon three novels that present some of Borden’s central themes and a chronological scope of the war: The Romantic Woman is a story of aristocracy before the war, Sarah Defiant centres upon a love affair during the war and finally Jehova’s Day portrays England in the post-war period. Reference will also be made to Jericho Sands and A Woman With White Eyes. As Borden’s writing on war shifted in a more political direction around WWII, the analysis will not abide by a particular chronology in this chapter. The main texts are: You the Jury – setting the stage for the war and depicting it – The Hungry Leopard as a work containing Borden’s broader political and sociological points thoughts on the war era from 1937 to 54 and Margin of Error – a work concerned with colonialism and its role in the war. Other referenced works will include Catspaw and Passport for a Girl.2.2 Secondary sourcesThese will include a mixture of historical sources and literary criticism. Carol Acton’s theories set forth in Diverting the Gaze: The Unseen Text in Women’s War Writing will be used for some literary theory concerning women writing about war and the discussions on Borden’s life and memoirs will be substantially aided by Jane Conway’s – Borden’s biographer – work. Literary critics will include M. Higonnet, S. Ouditt,, F. Mort and T. Tate as they have all done substantial work concerning female writers of the war and their relationship to identity. Historical background will be works by B.A. Waites, M.L. Bush and B.W. Tuchman along with other sources yet to be identified. Methodology The approach will be independent analysis of the primary sources, using secondary sources primarily to argue against and some to support and provide background. Further sources will be identified by using Jane Conway’s the bibliographies of Conway and other sources already identified as well as web searches on databases such as JStor and Project Muse. Preliminary Bibliography4.1 Primary literatureBorden, M., 1929. The Forbidden Zone Borden, M., 1946. Journey Down A Blind Alley Borden, M., 1916. The Romantic Woman Borden, M., 1931. Sarah Defiant Borden, M., 1929. Jehova’s Day Borden, M., 1925. Jericho Sands Borden, M., 1930. A Woman With White Eyes Borden, M., 1952. You the Jury Borden, M. 1956. The Hungry Leopard Borden, M., 1954. Margin of Error Borden, M., 1950. Catspaw Borden, M., 1939. Passport for a Girl 4.2. Secondary sourcesGubar, S., Gilbert, S.M. â€Å"The Madwoman in the Attic.† New Haven: Yale University. Heilbrun, C.G., Higonnet, M.R., 1983 The Representation of women in fiction. Vol. 7. Johns Hopkins University Press. Higonnet, M.R., 1987. Behind the lines: Gender and the two world wars. New Haven: Yale University Press. MacKay, M., 2010. Modernism and World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mort, F., 2006. â€Å"Scandalous Events: Metropolitan Culture and Moral Change in Post-Second World War London.† Representations 93.1 (2006): 106-137. Ouditt, S., 1994. Fighting Forces, Writing Women: Identity and Ideology in the First World War. London: Routledge. Raitt, S., Tate, T., eds, 1997. Women’s fiction and the Great War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Tate, T., 1998. Modernism, History and the First World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Global Financial Crisis and Its Impact on India - 4465 Words

GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIA Abstract: The effects of the global financial crisis have been more severe than initially forecast. By virtue of globalization, the moment of financial crisis hit the real economy and became a global economic crisis; it was rapidly transmitted to many developing countries. India too is weathering the negative impact of the crisis. There is, however, an important difference between the crisis in the advanced countries and the developments in India. While in the advanced countries the contagion traversed from the financial to the real sector, in India the slowdown in the real sector is affecting the financial sector, which in turn, has a second-order impact on the real sector. The†¦show more content†¦What is meant by Financial Crises? A situation in which the supply of money is outpaced by the demand for money. This means that liquidity is quickly evaporated because available money is withdrawn from banks, forcing banks either to sell other investments to make up for the shortfall or to collapse. The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a large part of their value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were associated with banking panics and many recessions coincided with these panics. Other situations that are often called financial crises include stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial bubbles, currency crises and sovereign defaults. The current financial crisis is the worst of its kind since the great depression of 1930s. The global financial crisis 2007 is not different from the earlier ones, as two mutually negative trends, namely financial system crisis and global economic slowdown, reinforced each other leading to severe economic contraction. The financial system crisis was reflected by unprecedented level of debt, three times the GDP in the US and Europe. This led to additional requirement of capital for banks to cover losses. All developed economies (e.g. theShow MoreRelatedWhy India Recovered Quickly From The 2008 Global Crisis Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesWhy India recovered quickly from the 2008 global crisis? Vivek Shah MBA AF 629 December 12, 2016 Introduction It’s the most heard term about the global economy in the recent years and it’s the year we have been always hearing about its 2008. We all have been a part of it in some or the other way and all the major economies had been affected by the global turmoil which eventually lead to the worst situation after the Great depression of 1929. The sub-prime crisis in USA which lead to great recessionRead MoreGlobal Crisis1656 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal crisis occurs due to financial crisis and economic crisis. These are nothing but risk that could threaten humankind as a whole or even cause the end of planet Earth. A financial crisis is a situation where money demand quickly rises relative to money supply. A stock market crash is an example for this. Whereas economic crisis refers to the economic down of countries all over the world. They are going down in -ve zone. Global economy has become a hot topic for international forumsRead MoreTata Motor Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Case 2 Tata Motors 1. Describe the economic characteristics of the global motor vehicle industry. The 2008 financial crisis began in the American subprime mortgage crisis, eventually evolved into a global financial crisis. Most countries because of the impact of the financial crisis, leading to a sharp slowdown in consumer’s vehicle demand. Also, because of the financial crisis, the global motor vehicle industry experienced a full-scale market competition. Some small car companies to be phasedRead MoreFiscal Policy And Fiscal Policies1046 Words   |  5 Pagesas Global Financial Crisis of 2008.Many countries enacted lots of stimulus plans related to fiscal policy in order to cope with the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. Among those India also adopted many different new techniques of fiscal policy in order to survive during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. India is a federal democratic country located in South Asia region of the world. As of now it is the second most populous country with over 1.2 billion population. The fiscal policy of India isRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of India1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The Global financial sector had seen one of the worst Global economic meltdown of staggering proportions. The root cause of the problem was substandard loans offered to a large number of customers with inadequate income by the United States Mortgage market. This crisis was commonly known as the Sub-prime crisis. These sub-prime mortgages were packaged and traded into securitized paper investments and were sold by the major financial institutions across the globe. Subsequently, theseRead MoreThe Impacts of Dubais Financial Crisis658 Words   |  3 PagesDubai Financial Crisis: Dubai is usually described as a city or country despite in its own right though its a constituent member of the United Arab Emirates that has six other emirates. The emirate experienced a huge financial crisis that had a huge impact on several economies across the globe as reported by analysts. The financial crisis was characterized by the governments inability to refinance massive debts that was taken by Dubai World, its largest owned company. The major impact of theRead MoreChinua Crude Prices And Its Implications On India1048 Words   |  5 PagesFALL IN CRUDE PRICES ITS IMPLICATIONS ON INDIA Introduction: The presence of crude oil was first discovered in China way back in 3rd or 4th century A.D. The presence of oil in India was discovered in late 1889 at Digboi in Assam where the first crude oil refinery was set up in 1901. India is not among the major oil producers and that is why it generally depends on imports from other countries. The largest crude oil producing country is Saudi Arabia followed by Russia and America. The extent ofRead MoreNational Income Trend in India1504 Words   |  7 PagesANALYSIS OF INDIA (1950-2013) India is home to 1.24 billion people, which is about 17.5 per cent of the global population. The Indian economy is the 12th largest in USD exchange rate terms. India is the second fastest growing economy in the world. However, it accounts for only 2.98 per cent of world GDP in US dollar terms and 5.0 per cent in purchasing power parity (ppp) terms. Hence, there exists a huge potential for catch up. The global welfare too is linked to progress in India as reflectedRead MoreIn What Ways Can Organized Labor Constrain the Strategic Choices of an International Business? How Can an International Business Limit These Constraints?8367 Words   |  34 PagesOF STUDENT: (PRINT CLEARLY)FAMILY NAME OTHER NAME(S) | COURSE: | NAME OF LECTURER:Mr SanjikaPerera | RECEIVED BY: | TITLE/TOPIC OF ASSIGNMENT:Group assignment – global financial crisis | â€Å"I certify that the attached assignment is my own work and that any material drawn from other sources has been fully acknowledged†. 22/05/2012Signed †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read MoreCOMMERCIAL BANKS AND NEW CAPITAL REGULATION Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pages2.2.2. Basel II and Basel III Difference 2.3. Implications of Basel III (900w) 2.3.1. Global Banking System 2.3.2. Banking System in Australia 2.3.3. Banking System in (Japan, India or USA?) 3. Conclusions and Recommendations (200) Reference List 1. Introduction Commercial banks are the main type of financial institution that operates within a financial system. Because of the importance of commercial banks in supporting economic growth, the

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1589 Words

Men and Women who served for their country should be given all respect and care when they return home. Veterans come home with injuries that can affect them from living a healthy comfortable life. Their injuries can be from physical to mental injuries like PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) from combat. Veterans who come home with these injuries should be provided, by the government, health care where they can live an enjoyable life. Having veterans take an alternative rout like qualifying for medicade could help a lot of these people struggling. Many of these veterans are also homeless and need help finding jobs. Government programs could be put in place that could help find jobs for the veterans. Veterans should be able to come home and life a healthy happy life where they can contribute back to there societies. Governments should provide for the needs of the veterans to keep them healthy and supply them with jobs so they have food, clothes, and shelter. Veterans who come back from serving overseas are coming home with injuries that they cannot afford to get treated. Even today there are a large number of veterans that have been out of the service for many decades that can t afford their own health care or even provide new clothes and shelter for themselves. According to a research done by gathering information from Current Populations Surveys and the National Health Interview Survey from 1988 to 2005 they found that Nearly 1.8 million veterans were uninsured and notShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1241 Words   |  5 Pages Stanley Health April 14, 2014 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post traumatic stressed disorder is a mental illness caused by an enormous amount of anxiety felt after a traumatic or life-threatening accident or event. This event causes intense feelings of fear and helplessness. Studies have shown that about 5 to 6 million people suffer from PTSD. (Thomas ) About 30% of those people are war veterans. Most war veterans who have served for our country who have PTSD from the war are homeless. About

Divorce And Its Effect On Society - 1018 Words

Divorce â€Å"Until death do us part† is one of the most frequently used phrases within marriage vows. But let’s face it, â€Å"Until divorce do us part† is probably more accurate considering the fact that about one in three marriages end in divorce within ten years (Brower). Nowadays, divorce defines and impacts our era in ways people do not even realize. Divorce is extremely common in the United States, the reasons for divorce have been modified, and the children of divorced parents are feeling the effects. In the mid-1900s, divorce was almost unheard of. Even as recently as the 1970’s, the word ‘divorce’ was frowned upon and simply seen as an insignificant crisis that would resolve itself shortly. Children of the divorced parents may have trouble falling asleep or may begin to stumble through school, but they will adjust to the situation. Men and women could become depressed, throw themselves into sexual affairs, or immerse themselves in work. But each of these reactions was simply part of the process (Wallerstein). After a year or so, it was expected that everyone would have their lives back on track - at least on the surface. Parents and children would pick up new routines and perhaps make new friends or move to a new school; they would take advantage of the opportunities and second chances that divorce brings. However, this theory of recovery was merely wishful thinking (Wallerstein). Today, shocking statistics show about half of all marriages in the Unite d States areShow MoreRelatedDivorce And Its Effect On Society Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesHalf of all marriages end in divorce. That means that between a person and their closest friend, one of them is likely to get a divorce (Stanton 3). That’s a shocking and scary statistic since divorce is so unhealthy for everyone involved. Sociology’s view, religion’s view, and even the effect of psychology all point to one end, divorce is not beneficial. Divorce is a topic that has been widely silenced because it has rocked so many people’s lives. A 50 percent divorce rate is a huge increase of whatRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Society1019 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce has been on a rise in America since the past thirty years. Almost every person might be having a divorced member in its family. Divorce has been reported to be the major cause of suicide as well. Many factors lead to divorce, some of which are online dating, financial problems and physical abuse. In the ancient Roman Republic, a simple statement for divorce was sufficient for the dissolution of a marriage. Some local Church councils even had the equivalent of no-fault divorce, in whichRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Society Essay2647 Words   |  11 PagesDivorce. How can that one word bring up such a wide range of emotions? That simple word to some may bring feelings of shame and disgust, while to others it can represent a fresh start and safety from a bad situation. While it would be easy to look at this topic and simply say that it is right or wrong all across the board, it feels inadequate. Every divorce is unique and specific to those within that relationship and could be caused by an array of reasons, so to offer a blanket statement felt insufficientRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Our Society1034 Words   |  5 Pageswith over 1.2 million divorces (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). Divorce is not limited to breaking apart the husband and wif e; it destroys families, siblings and the future of the American children. Divorces cause money, crime and education issues and an overall effect on the children caught in the middle, which follows them into their adult life. A $1,000 of taxpayer’s money is spent dealing with the consequences of broken families (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). The amount of moneyRead MorePreventing Divorce And Its Effects On Society3587 Words   |  15 PagesPreventing Divorce In society today, there are many issues we face without any direction. Divorce is a leading problem that impacts families and communities around the world. In the United States, a divorce occurs every 30 seconds, and this is expected to increase over time. What if there was a way to prevent these rates, or even stop them from happening? What we know, is that divorce is very problematic; however, brushing up on its history, focusing on the present state, and learning how it hasRead MoreDivorce Rates And Its Effect On Society2158 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the past several decades, living together before marriage has become normal amongst couples. Divorce rates have drastically increased and marriage has been redefined. Analysis from studies and reliable sources expose this issue and the importance for it to be addressed. Society today is fast paced and self-rewarding, therefore the majority of people have decided to rush into major relationships, which can have immense consequen ces. This should no longer be a standard, rather we shouldRead MoreEffects of Divorce on Society Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesIncreased youth crime rate is caused largely by absent fathers as a result of divorce made too easy. Consider this chilling forecast. When we pass the year 2000, we will see two groups of working age adults emerging. One group will have received psychological, social, economic, educational and moral benefits and the other group will have been denied them all. The first group will have grown up with a father present in the house and the second group will have not had a father present. The groups willRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Divorce in American Culture1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently deva stating the lives of many American children. More often than not people decide to get a divorce before they really think about the effects of divorce. People usually decide to get a divorce based on emotion rather than logic whichRead MoreEssay about How Divorce is Affecting the American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. There are many areas in which divorce has a negative effect in the life of a child or an adult. Many of these effects also directly correlate to the effect on a society. HoweverRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 PagesSociety is constantly changing. We are able to visualize these changes year after year by way of statistics. This allows us to be able to use these values to qualitatively analyze correlation, causation, and effect. One topic that has benefited from the use of statistics to measure its effects is divorce. Divorce is defined as the legal process of dissolving a marriage, thus separating two individuals (Merriam). From generation to generation, divorce has been on a steady increase. The annual rate

Importance of Medicines

Question: Write an essay on Importance of Medicines. Answer: The Doctors Without Border or the Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is a humanitarian and international body that delivers medicines to people who are affected by epidemics, conflicts or armed force, on an emergency basis. They provide services to more than 70 countries all over the world, especially at the time of emergencies. They started an international campaign against HIV in the year 200 by giving medicines to people who are inflicted with HIV. They spread their work in more than 23 countries all over the world. MSF relies on a generic drug for the treatment and cure of people who are inflicted with malaria or tuberculosis. The MSF was the first international organization that was concerned with the implications of the demands that United States were making in the TPP negotiations. This was the first body that opposed to the TPP knowing the implications it would have on the overall price rate of medicines. Expansion of TPP across the Nation: The United States, Japan, and ten other countries that reached a consensus on the TPP had recently come together to discuss the spread of TPP across nations. The countries have met several times to increase their influences by adding countries such as Korea and Taiwan into their league. The main aim of TPP was to ensure participation of all the other countries by signing the agreement. The several meetings of TPP were aimed at bringing about more and more countries together for signing the provisions contained in the TPP. South Korea and Taiwan, with an interest in joining the treaty, have started their negotiations with other members. As far as Japan is concerned, the main issue that Japan has regards their electronics and automobiles. Amongst the Asian countries, those who have expressed their willingness in joining TPP are Thailand, Philippines, and Indonesia. Lowering barriers to trade gives a kick start to industries who have invested a great deal of money in starting their busi ness. The investors prefer risking huge amount of capital for the growth of their business in the field of intellectual property rights, for example, the pharmaceutical industry. A regional free trade agreement will help in widening the market and this, in turn, would increase the capital investments and create employment. Patients and consumers will also be subject to gain. Jobs all over the world are increasing with the increase of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The importance of business and a good intellectual property protection shall is important for the contribution towards the world economy and this it is important to obtain the details of the TPP. In Europe, the field of biomedical innovation had taken place once. However, the innovation dried and it reached to America. Since then a good protection over the intellectual property innovation has led to the growth and development of business in the field of intellectual property rights. However, not every nation is as firmly committed towards the formation of TPP agreements as some countries, especially the developing countries have a belief that it shall lead to the increase in the cost of medicines. The main aim of TPP is to include the involvement of as many countries as possible. China is yet to become a member of the TPP agreement and so America should remain firm in its position by allowing more and more people to be a part of the TPP agreement. Secret Negotiations: The MSF has opposed the secrecy of discussions that were being conducted by the TPP. The main opposition was from the stakeholders, civil society and MSF and these organizations relied on the texts that were leaked by the TPP negotiations. The closet door negotiations of the TPP sessions have gone through many criticisms from some of the members of the U.S Congress, consumer members and advocates of public health. These groups have requested the administration of U.S to increase transparency through the negotiations of US and have required for making the texts and positions related to the agreement public. The countries have declared that the trade negotiations were conducted in private, and this was a part of gambling process. The opponents of TPP have argued that since the negotiations took place in private the negotiators could not do the job properly and efficiently. The negotiators of the TPP have held that if too much information is leaked out, then they might not be able to ac hieve the aim for which the agreement was made. Traditionally, two arguments are held about the negotiations of TPP, firstly, that it was a secret negotiation that had taken place between business people and secondly that it was retrained to only those countries that had much knowledge about the expansion of business in the field of pharmaceuticals. The data were known to people, and the background of each country was also known to people hence, the negotiations were kept secretive so that the implementations of such negotiations become easy to carry out. Such tactics have less likelihood of becoming successful and especially when developed countries are involved. However, there is an argument that is in support of the trade negotiations that were held in public. It was said that if the trade negotiations did not take place in public then the deal would have fallen apart. Since people are arguing about the deal that was held in private, it means that the negotiations were not succes sful in keeping it away from examination and investigation. The demands and its effect on the price of medicines: Biologics mean treatments that are introduced using biological sources. The biological sources mean and include proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and antitoxins. These sources can be used for the treatment of diseases ranging from cancer to Ebola. As per the sayings of Brooking Institution, biologics are much more structurally complex than the regular drugs and are more complex and difficult to make. A biologic medicine, on an average, costs 22 times more than a nonbiologic medicine. It is because of such high prices of biologic medicines. Companies aim for manufacturing similar copies of such drugs so that they are available at a lower price for those who cannot afford it. The companies tried to solve the problem related to the cost of biologic medicines by making similar versions of such drugs that shall be available at a lower price. This shall be similar to the generic version of drugs. However, it was seen that the United States was protective about this, and they wished to paten t the inventions that were made in the field of biologics, thus increasing the overall price of the medicines. Societies have suffered a lot at the cost of long-term innovations for short term expenses. This is called "monopoly pricing." The costs are estimated according to the amount that is spent on the treatment of people. The expenses that are incurred on people are spent based on the disease that people have gone through. For example, to cure the last stage of cancer shall be more expensive to cure the first stage of cancer. The cost is calculated based on the amount that is spent on the innovation of the drug used to cure cancer. People obtain patents over the drugs that were made for the treatment of cancer, and this makes the price of the cancer medicine high. Infrastructure capacity and fair distribution of work also contribute to the increasing of the cost of medications. The medicines are made costly, and the third world countries do not have access to those medicines or drugs. In the developing countries, enough resources are not available that will help in the distribution of medicines and health care. The reason behind this is that countries do not have sufficient capital that shall help in the growth and support of medicines and health care. Thus, the people who are the part of the developing countries have to incur the heavy prices of medicines and drugs. This has resulted in about 20 million deaths per year and about 55 persons on a daily basis. Before the TRIPS had come into existence, the states could formulate their laws relating to intellectual property. However, later on with formation of TPP states were bound to follow the universal laws that existed for the protection of intellectual property rights. The developing nations were never in support for granting patent protection over pharmaceutical and drugs and the reason behind this is that the developing nation knew that this would increase the cost of medicines and decrease the accessib ility of medicines. Compliance with the TRIPS Agreement can prove to be fatal for the developing nations as this would increase the cost of medicines and people would be seen dying at an alarming rate. Hence, with the formation of TPP and TRIPS the developing nations are worried about the accessibility and cost of medicines as they are the ones who are the most vulnerable to diseases and require easy access to medicines. The Role of Intellectual Property in blocking Access to Affordable Medicines: Before the World Trade Organization had come into force, countries had the authority to shape their intellectual property rights as per which they could not grant patents over pharmaceuticals. The laws in other countries related to intellectual property rights were flexible, and they did not protect the medicines that were made for the treatment of people. It was for this reason that there was a price hike in the medicines, and the common people could not afford the high price of the medicines. The patent system in medicines is a very old concept, and this has become the most controversial topic in the recent years. Intellectual Property means the grant of lawful orders to give biased rights to the creators of invaluable assets. The asset may be in two forms, literary or artistic or inventions or signs. Hence, the aim of seeking protection over intellectual property rights is to secure the inventions that people make. Copyright provides protection to idea and imagination. It provides protection to aesthetically pleasing ideas. However, copyright does not provide protection to ideas it provides protection to the appearance of ideas. Protection of industry property means protection that is granted over designs and signs that have the capability of being used in the industrial field. Examples of industrial property include trade name, trademark, and unique signs. Hence, the main focus of patent is to provide protection for innovations and inventions over which humans have used their intellect. An idea helps in solving problems that are related to technical issues. Patents are the grant of exclusive rights for the protection of innovations that people have made. The patents have originated firsts in the Venetian Decree in the year 1474. The protection that is provided by the patent is given for a restricted period and to the special use of the innovation. The word "use" means the right of the innovator to exploit, sells, or prohibit third parties from using the inn ovation without their permission. Patent law is an outcome of industrial and technical needs. In Europe, the patent law was started for internationalizing local industries. The technological development in a country is a proof of the fact that patent law is an innovation of the past and it has helped in the growth of technological industry. Countries had the liberty for formulating their own patent law depending on the growth and success of the country. Countries have made patent laws that shall help them in the evolution of their technological needs. It has however become an accepted fact that the grant of special rights over innovation leads to better economic growth of the country, however, this leads to destruction of lives of the people. This is the cost people have to pay for protection of innovation made in the pharmaceutical industry. The patent rights may be therefore termed as monopoly. One thing that is acknowledgeable is the economic effects of the TPP. In fact, the most discussed feature that is talked about since the establishment of TPP is the effect of the prices it shall have. It was for this reason why data protection over biotic drugs had become one of the most debated topics in the recent. Data protection over biotic drugs was in focus for many reasons. Firstly, it talks about matters that are sensitive to human life. Secondly, the medicine industry depends on a great deal on costly research for the innovation of new products. This is doubled with the notion that chemical goods are not easy to duplicate. The popular instance of Martin Shkreli demonstrates to us how the present control frameworks drive disparity between protected innovation rights and right to wellbeing. Martin Shkreli, is the organizer of Turing Pharmaceutical. He was effective in getting rights to Daraprim, a 62 years of age nonexclusive medication utilized generally to cure, jungle fever, toxoplasmosis and AIDS. In the wake of getting the right, he expanded the cost per measurements from $13.50 to $750. Shrekli defended this expansion in rate by saying that individuals don't pay for medicines of the medication. Martin advocated this by just expressing, "I am an entrepreneur." He advance expressed that he has done this to make an enormous pharmaceutical organization. Daraprim is a non-specific, implying that the patent right over that specific medication is finished and now is accessible in the general population area for use. Shrekli burned through $55 million to get the privilege to offer Dara prim. He secured this assent from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For the most part getting the FDA endorsement is a moderate procedure, particularly in situations when the FDA turns out to be certain of the way that there are odds of acquiring duplicates of the same pharmaceutical. Shrekli turned out to be certain that there are no comparative duplicates of the Daraprim in the pipeline and that he could secure restraining infrastructure over the medication called "Dara prim." On account of Pfizer Inc v. Universe Limited, the Court held that there was no affirmation that the patent had fizzled and that the reestablishment did not go before. The patent was an enrolled patent and the Kenyan Government conceded insurance. Universe raised a substitute protection that it held the power to offer, promote, exchange or send to another country the item with the consent of Pfizer. The authorization was conceded under segment 58 (2) of the "Mechanical Property Act." Universe further expressed that the protected item was effectively accessible in Kenya that it was foreign made from India, China, and Bangladesh. In this manner, the item over which Pfizer needed insurance was at that point accessible in the general population space for open use. The Impact of TRIPS: The effect of patenting pharmaceutical products on access to medicines in the developing countries is very recent, and many of the developing nations have disliked the idea of patenting medicines and the process of patenting medicines By restricting the grant of using drugs to the public, a monopoly power is created that allows the blocking of price possible and this, in turn, raises the prices of medicines. Evident have shown that the effect of TRIPS and patenting of pharmaceutical products have restricted promotion of innovation in the field of pharmaceuticals. Recommendations and Conclusion: There is a need to review the existing policies that exist in the area of pharmaceutical industry, for the protection and decrease in the price hike of medicines. The TPP would give large pharmaceutical firms new rights and powers to build medication costs and point of confinement buyers' entrance to less expensive nonexclusive medicines. This would incorporate augmentations of restraining infrastructure drug licenses that would permit drug organizations to raise costs for more meds and even allow syndication rights over surgical methodology. For individuals in the creating nations required in TPP, these guidelines could be fatal-denying buyers access to HIV-AIDS, tuberculosis and tumor drugs. TPP would engage outside pharmaceutical partnerships to specifically assault our household patent and medication evaluating laws in foreign tribunals. Officially under NAFTA, which does not contain the new guidelines proposed for TPP, sedate firm Eli Lilly has dispatched such a body of evidence against Canada, requesting $100 million for the administration's requirement of its patent measures. The TPP would likewise enable outside partnerships to straightforwardly challenge local toxics, zoning, cigarette and liquor and other general wellbeing and ecological arrangements to request citizen remuneration for any such approaches that undermine their normal future benefits. Regularly activities to enhance such laws are chilled by the negligible recording of such a "financial specialist state" case. In different occasions, nations take out the assaulted strategies. For example Canada lifted a prohibition on a gas added substance officially banned in the U.S. as a suspected cancer-causing agent after a financial specialist assault by Ethyl Corporation under NAFTA. It likewise paid the firm $13 million and distributed a formal proclamation that the compound was not unsafe. References: Aitken, Murray L., et al.The regulation of prescription drug competition and market responses: patterns in prices and sales following loss of exclusivity. No. w19487. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2013. Baker, Brook K. "Trans-Pacific Partnership Provisions in Intellectual Property, Transparency, and Investment Chapters Threaten Access to Medicines in the US and Elsewhere."PLoS Med13.3 (2016): e1001970. Branstetter, Lee. "TPP and the Conflict over Drugs: Incentives for Innovation versus Access to Medicines."Assessing the Trans-Pacific Partnership(2016): 20. Burrows, Jeremy N., et al. "Designing the next generation of medicines for malaria control and eradication."Malar J12.187 (2013): 10-1186. Das, Abhijit. "India and the Shadow of the Trans-Pacific Partnership."Economic and Political Weekly50.45 (2015): 14-18. Gleeson, Deborah Helen, et al. "How the transnational pharmaceutical industry pursues its interests through international trade and investment agreements: a case study of the Trans Pacific Partnership."Handbook of Research on Transnational Corporations, Alice De Jonge and Roman Tomasic (eds), Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.(forthcoming)(2015). Gleeson, Deborah, Ruth Lopert, and Papaarangi Reid. "How the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement could undermine PHARMAC and threaten access to affordable medicines and health equity in New Zealand."Health Policy112.3 (2013): 227-233. Gleeson, Deborah. "Medicines and the Trans Pacific Partnership." (2013). Hassali, Mohamed Azmi, et al. "TRIPS, Free trade agreements and the pharmaceutical industry in Malaysia."The new political economy of pharmaceuticals: production, innovation and TRIPS in the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke(2013): 152-66. Hirono, Katherine, et al. "Is health impact assessment useful in the context of trade negotiations? A case study of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement."BMJ open6.4 (2016): e010339. Houston, Jessica. "The TPP is bad for health."Lamp, The73.2 (2016): 28. Jairath, Kieran, Michael Johnstone, and Kate Moore. "The trans pacific partnership."Chain Reaction124 (2015): 22. Kapczynski, Amy. "The Trans-Pacific PartnershipIs It Bad for Your Health?."New England Journal of Medicine373.3 (2015): 201-203. Kapczynski, Amy. "The Trans-Pacific PartnershipIs It Bad for Your Health?."New England Journal of Medicine373.3 (2015): 201-203. Linh, Nguyen Nhat, Nguyen Thanh Huong, and Hua Thanh Thuy. "Evolving trade policy and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: Does it threaten Vietnam's access to medicine and its progress towards scaling up HIV prevention, treatment and care?."Global public health10.sup1 (2015): S149-S160. Lopert, Ruth, and Deborah Gleeson. "The high price of free trade: US trade agreements and access to medicines."The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics41.1 (2013): 199-223. Lybecker, Kristina M. "Intellectual Property Protection for Biologics: Why the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Trade Agreement Fails to Deliver i."Journal of Commercial Biotechnology22.1 (2016). McCall, Chris. "Trans-Pacific trade pact triggers fears over drug prices."The Lancet385.9986 (2015): 2450-2451. Neuwelt, Pat M., Deborah Gleeson, and Briar Mannering. "Patently obvious: a public health analysis of pharmaceutical industry statements on the Trans-Pacific Partnership international trade agreement."Critical Public Health(2015): 1-14. Nguyen, Thanh. "Vietnam in the TPP Negotiations and Challenges it May Face."Available at SSRN 2515161(2014). Ribeiro, Helena. "Free-trade agreements: challenges for global health."Revista de saude publica49 (2015): 1-4. Rimmer, Matthew. "Turing and the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Intellectual Property, Public Health, and Access to Essential Medicines."CEDA, Committee for the Economic Development of Australia(2015). Roden, Duncan. "TPP would hurt public health in Australia." (2015): 13. Rollins, Adrian. "Looming trade deal could be health hazard: AMA." (2014): 12. Stiglitz, Joseph. "On the wrong side of globalization."The New York Times15 (2014). White, Ian. "Stuart Malawer International Trade Relations April 29, 2014." (2014).

Safety Engineering

Introduction Some fundamentals of safety engineering When speaking about safety engineering, I would like to consider some fundamentals of the so-called requirements engineering. First of all, I would like to point out that RE is considered to be a collection of the tasks, which are to be done in an ongoing manner. It should be pointed out that because of poor requirements some problems appear.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, ambiguous requirements are related to safety issues. For instance, when speaking about safe systems, it is necessary to clarify how safe the system should be or in what way the system should be safe. When speaking about safety engineering, one is to keep in mind the definition of the term. Thus, safety engineering is considered to be â€Å"the engineering discipline within systems engineering that lowers the risk of accidental h arm to valuable assets to an acceptable level to legitimate stakeholders† (Firesmith 22). Basic safety concepts include safety mechanisms, certain goals and policies, safety risks, hazards, safety events, accidental harm, valuable assets, safety quality subfactors and safety as a quality factor. So, let’s consider the last safety concept in detail. First of all, one is to keep in mind that safety captures the degree to which safety risks can be lowered; hazards can be mitigated; accidents and incidents can be avoided (or at least when the consequences of hazardous events can be limited or mitigated). The corresponding safety subfactors include safety problem type and safety solution type. The fist category (safety problem type) consists of accidental harm, safety event, hazards, and safety risk. Safety solution type includes prevention, detection, reaction and adaptation. So, safety problem type and safety solution type form the so-called safety subfactors. When speakin g about certain negative consequences safety measures are related to, there is a need to highlight the meaning of harm. So, the harm is recognized as to be any major (important) negative result to a valuable asset. Accidental harm is â€Å"any unauthorized unintentional (i.e., non-malicious) harm (i.e., due to an accident)† (Firesmith 27). Harm severity allows us to understand the amount of harm. Such categorization can be clearly identified or, on the contrary, unambiguously. Harm severity categories may include catastrophic conditions, severe-major conditions, major conditions, minor conditions, and no-effect conditions.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Safety-related events include an accident trigger, a harm event, and a hazardous event. Safety hazards include danger, hazard, and threat. Safety goals seem to be the desires concerning safety conditions. The following statem ents are related to safety desires: no serious accidents must occur; the system, the equipment, etc. is to be safe; however, the peculiarity of safety goals is that they are considered to be unrealistic. In other words, it is impossible to guarantee that no serious accidents can be. On the other hand, it is also necessary to understand that goals can’t be compared with the requirements. Generally, â€Å"a major problem is safety goals that are specified as if they were verifiable requirements† (Firesmith 46). Safety policy gives us an opportunity to achieve various safety goals. In most cases, safety policies are mostly associated with safety requirements; however, the difference between these two notions is substantial. Safety-related requirements include safety constraints, safety-significant requirements, safety subsystem requirements, and safety requirements. The importance of safety culture and management To achieve safety goals, any organization is to be familiar with safety culture. So, what is the safety culture? A culture is a shared set of norms and values, a way of looking at and interpreting the world and events around us (our mental model) and taking action in a social context. Safety culture is the subset of culture that reflects the general attitude and approaches to safety and risk management (Leveson 245). In Tulsa University, there is no lack of clear safety policies and programs for the students and the university in general. Of course, this situation doesn’t put the lives of students, staff, and the whole of the university community at considerable risk; however, there are no major subjects or courses, which discuss the aspects of safety engineering. Leveson states that safety culture seems to be the subset of â€Å"an organizational or industry culture that reflects the general attitude and approaches to safety and risk management. It is important to note that trying to change culture without changing the environment in which it is embedded is doomed to failure† (p. 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since we already know the importance of safety engineering and that it shows up in every other field, for example, mechanical, chemical and electrical engineering, you still can not study safety engineering in Tulsa University, because it is not available, as a major subject to study, even with knowing how important and popular this major is becoming. Safety engineering is really the important science as it gives the students the opportunity to learn the fundamentals of safety regulations. For instance, the students could learn the basic first-aid measures in a case of various accidents. While studying safety engineering, the students could become familiar with general safety regulations to ensure the safety of people. For instance, everybody knows that â€Å"Fire, open lights, and smoking are forbidden in specially posted areas. In addition, smoking is forbidden in all forest areas and in areas where unsealed radioactive substances are handled† (â€Å"General Safety Regulations,† 4). The students could study in details not only the basic regulations, but they could realize the importance of safety engineering when studying the major properly. Safety engineering gives the students an opportunity to enlarge their knowledge concerning safety. For instance, the students could learn that devices and equipment of IT â€Å"may be put into operation by authorized persons only. It is the responsibility of each organizational unit to specify regulations for admittance and for their use and to control the observance of the regulations† (â€Å"General Safety Regulations,† 4). Still, when speaking about a strong safety culture, there is a need to disclose the role of the organizational structure. So, some safety groups in Tulsa Univ ersity must be created. The formal safety roles are to be distributed among executives. On the other hand, organizational subsystems are also to be created. So, safety engineering must be based on â€Å"safety information systems to support planning, analysis and decision making; reward and reinforcement systems; selection and retention systems that promote safety knowledge, skills, and ability; learning and feedback systems from incidents, operational anomalies, and other aspects of operational experience† (Leveson 246). Certain procedures, which are related to the above-mentioned statement, are to be considered in detail. Of course, these procedures are significant, when discussing safety concerns. While speaking about the safety information system, I have to point out that communication channels are also extremely important. By the way, these channels can be formal or informal.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The so-called reinforcement systems can help the executives to avoid conflicting incentives. â€Å"Selection and retention systems are relevant to safety with respect to the skill sets and mindsets that are emphasized in hiring† (Leveson 246). I suppose that safety engineering must also include social interaction processes. In other words, the students should study the basic principles of problem-solving and decision-making in respect of safety. They say that, â€Å"problem solving after incidents and operational anomalies is an important component of the safety culture, particularly as it relates to identifying and eliminating root causes rather than merely the symptoms of the deeper problems† (Leveson 246). Individual motivation seems to be an integral part of safety engineering, as it covers numerous factors including uncertainty in facing safety concerns. Of course, the most important points of safety engineering are considered to be safety rules. When speaking abo ut safety activities, one is to keep in mind their basic principles. Thus, system safety should influence decision making; direct communication channels are to be developed. The students must understand that â€Å"safety concerns span the life cycle and safety should be involved in just about every aspect of development and operations. Safety concerns are an integral part of most engineering activities† (Leveson 247). Thus, the importance of implementing the special courses and programs of safety engineering in Tulsa University also depends on the fact that the knowledge on the principles of safety engineering is required for providing the design and maintenance of the system engineering. Moreover, the students should know and understand all the basic principles of the operation and management of the systems and the necessary equipment. It is impossible to provide the effective practice as an engineer without deepening the knowledge on safety engineering. Furthermore, those s tudents who want to become specialists in this sphere should also have the opportunity to realize such intentions in Tulsa University. Safety engineering course or the major is necessary for the students to contribute to their future professional development, to their understanding the principles of the safety risk management and knowing the ways of solving its challenges with references to the knowledge on hazard identification, hazard assessment, and its further reduction. It is important to develop the course for the future engineering managers and practitioners where they could consult professionals in relation to the most significant questions and issues of this scientific field. It is necessary to have the opportunity not only to receive the basic knowledge on the principles of safety engineering but also focus on this problem in detail and to have a chance to get the specific qualification. According to these requirements, the course in safety engineering should be organized in such a way to provide the complex analysis of the issues of hazard identification, risk reduction, and safety management. It is possible to realize with references to definite case studies as the examples of the accidents and incidents. It is also important for students to discuss the peculiarities of the specific terminology, necessary standards, and paradigms in safety engineering in the context of the separate course or program the completion of which could give the students more opportunities. Conclusion Generally, safety engineering processes must be consistent, performed collaboratively and properly interwoven. On the other hand, safety engineering requires appropriate expertise, tools, special techniques, innovative methods, and concepts. In my opinion, the students in the universities should also study basic systems engineering activities, because â€Å"system safety should be treated as an integral component of systems engineering, as is common in the defense industryâ €  (Leveson 49). Works Cited Firesmith, Donald. Engineering Safety-Related Requirements for Software-Intensive Systems. 2005. Web. General Safety Regulations 2005. Web. http://www.knmf.kit.edu/img/KNMF_Safety_Regulations.pdf. Leveson, Nancy. System Safety Engineering: Back to The Future. 2002. Web. http://sunnyday.mit.edu/book2.pdf. This essay on Safety Engineering was written and submitted by user Jacoby Santos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.