Desdemona as a Victim in the Tragedy of Othello Essay

Desdemona as a victim in The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is widely known for his famous plays, sonnets, and other works including the tragedy. In The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, many characters are unjustly victimized. Throughout the play, Othello’s wife, Desdemona, is a victim of many false statements that lead to her ultimate death. In the beginning, Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, believes that Desdemona is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. As the play progresses, Othello, who is overcome with jealousy, falsely accuses Desdemona of having an affair with his lieutenant and best friend, Michael Cassio. After acquiring â€Å"proof† that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair, Othello becomes so enraged to the point that he kills Desdemona. In conclusion, it is pretty obvious that Desdemona is unjustly victimized. In the beginning of the play, Brabantio believes that his daughter, Desdemona, is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. Because of this Desdemona has betrayed her father and she is said to be dead to him. Ay, to me. She is abus’d, stol’n from me, and corrupted  By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks; For nature so preposterously to err, Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense, Sans witchcraft could not. (Oth. 1. 3. 59-64) In this quote, Brabantio tells the Senators that Desdemona is dead to him because she married Othello. He is sure that Desdemona is either being tricked or drugged because there is no way she would make the mistake of not only marrying behind his back, but also marrying a black man. Shawn Smith states that from the moment Brabantio learned of his daughter’s marriage, he was not happy with Othello, accusing him of witchcraft. †¦ [Desdemona’s suffering] initially appears in Othello in a formal legal setting when, in the first act, Brabantio initiates a suit against his new son-in-law, accusing him of improperly obtaining the love of Desdemona† (13). During this suit, Brabantio discovers that Desdemona intended to marry Othello and that she was not under a spell; because of this, he disowns his own daughter. She is considered a victim in this situation not only because her father disowns her, but because she was falsely accused of being under a pell her husband created. As the play progresses, the dishonest Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with his best friend, Michael Cassio. At first Othello does not believe Iago, but after acquiring â€Å"proof,† he falsely accuses Desdemona of not being faithful. â€Å" . . . She’s gone, I am abus’d, and my relief/ Must be to loathe her† (Oth. 3. 3. 269-270). Because he thinks his wife is cheating on him, Othello believes that his only solution is to hate Desdemona, even though it will tear him apart. Desdemona is a victim in this scenario because she is being falsely accused of cheating on her husband. She can also be considered a victim because of words that she chooses throughout this act. After Othello fires Cassio from his position as lieutenant for being drunk and disorderly on the job, Desdemona promises that she will make sure Othello forgives and forgets. â€Å"He [Othello] now believes that Cassio has despoiled Desdemona, and for that he seeks the cuckold’s vengeance. No longer the doubtful, frustrated falconer, he has become the convinced, determined avenger† (Carson 193). Othello is one hundred percent convinced that Desdemona is being unfaithful and he makes a rash decision to no longer be a trustworthy, loving husband, but rather a mean and vengeful man. Because she is stubborn with her words and actions, Othello mistakes her to be in love with Cassio. This does not work out for Desdemona in the end. Othello becomes so enraged and jealous at Cassio and Desdemona that he believes the only solution is to have Cassio killed and kill Desdemona himself. After â€Å"hearing† Cassio being murdered, he makes his way back to Desdemona’s chamber where he plans to strangle her in her sleep. Desdemona wakes up and after asking if she has said her prayers, Othello informs her of his plan. â€Å"Sweet soul, take heed,/ Take heed of perjury; thou art on thy death-bed† (Oth. 5. 2. 51-52). While he is in the act of killing her, Emilia, Desdemona’s attendant and friend, shows up. He lets her into the room and after she discovers the body of her mistress, she questions Othello as to who has murdered Desdemona. Othello replies, â€Å" . . . ‘Twas I that kill’d her† (Oth. 5. 2. 131). Shawn Smith paints a sad picture with his description of the reactions of playgoers and actors of Desdemona’s death. When Othello murders her, the horrible injustice of the act causes both the characters on the stage and playgoers, such as Henry Jackson, to be moved to pity her unmerited suffering† (7). Anyone who reads or watches the play will be moved with such an enormous amount of pity that they can’t help but see Desdemona as a victim under her horrifying husband, Othello. Desdemona can clearly be seen as a victim at the end of the play, not only because of all the false accusations made against her, but because of her murder. Throughout the play, Desdemona is a victim in many situations that lead to her ultimate death. Her father, Brabantio, believes that she is under the spell of Othello and after finding out that she willingly married him, he disowns her. Her own husband is overcome with jealousy made by false accusations and believes that she is cheating on him with his best friend. His jealousy and anger get so out of hand that Othello murders Desdemona in the end, not only because of the rumor, but because of her own words. If Desdemona had not been murdered, she would not be seen as a great victim. Her murder and the events leading up to it show that she is unjustly victimized throughout the entire play.

Parenting Techniques

Behavior Parent Training on Fathers Parenting The Behavioral parent training programs have been developed to address child behavior problems through improvement in parenting practices. The triple P or Positive Training Program is widely reported as an effective, evidence based program for parents. However this journal demonstrates that there are significant differences in the program’s effectiveness for mothers and fathers. The analysis on this journal demonstrates that The Positive Parenting Program shows a large effectiveness on mothers while having a smaller effect on fathers parenting practices.Considering that fathers make a significant contribution to child development. It is now well accepted that â€Å"poor† parenting practices will have significant impacts on children’s emotional and behavioral wellbeing. Parents’ harsh inconsistent discipline, inadequate supervision, and a lack of positive relationship have been shown to increase children’ s behavior problems and later on in life lead to substance abuse, antisocial behavior and criminal activities.In order to strengthen parenting competencies and improve parent-child interactions a wide range of Behavioral Parent Training programs have been developed. According to the journal’s analysis the Positive Parenting Program is very effective when involving the mother and the father, and the children are the beneficiaries of better parenting skills. The study does not show which population the program is working on therefore we have to take into consideration how can we make the proper adjustments in order to make it work for other populations.It is a known fact that mothers are more involved with the program and the children than the fathers are, but fathers are getting involved more every time. Prior parental training programs did not focus on fathers or valued any input on it and there was very little literature for the fathers. The fathers’ involvement plays a very important role on the children’s life and upbringing and the fathers’ impact on the child’s life is separate from that of the mothers’.On the one hand, fathers positive parenting (sensitive to children’s’ interests, supportive of their autonomy) has been identified as protective against externalizing problems in young children; on the other hand negative training by fathers (harsh discipline, unstable presence) has been found to increase the behavior problems on both boys and girls. Fathers participation on the program improves the child’s behavior and helps to support each other as parents. So the fathers’ involvement on the program is crucial not only for the child but the mother also.Providers need to support the involvement of fathers in the parenting trainings. The Positive Parenting Program focuses on the participation of both the mother and father, and fathers actually benefit from the program. The Positive Paren ting Program has five levels; the first level focuses on community media, and information on how to deal with basic child problems. Level two offers individual support, providers offer advice and tips on how to deal with child issues, level three does four thirty minutes behavior counseling sessions in order to manage the progress or lack thereof.Level four was developed for children with disabilities, these sessions deal with the child’s misbehavior and offer strategies for encouraging their development, and level five covers a home-based skills training sessions that offer coping with stress and emotions, marital communication support. It is designed for parents at risk of child maltreatment; it also focuses on anger management. The Positive Parent Program has been used by culturally diverse parents, multi languages, face to face, telephone, and electronic modalities with remarkable results.

Cars Produced at Eros Motors

At Eros Motors, we provide safe, stylish, green and a cutting edge form of individual mobility to our customers. We have been successful in offering what customers feel is important to them. Our cars also come with all the options, which are asked by our customers. We planned our strategy taking into consideration all the aspects of marketing, H. R, finance and operations. Marketing plays a very crucial role in this modern world so we promoted our products through various forms of media. We spent heavily at the start just because we wanted to make our presence felt in the market.We always believed that our team is of utmost importance to us, so we made sure that there is a balance between automation and workforce to maximize production. We also paid them well so that they remain motivated at all times and work towards the goal of the company. Training of employees is a must and this is necessary for the quality of the cars. We noticed that our Warranty claims were high, so by proper training this could have only been reduced. Research and Development is an important area and a good amount of money was spent over the years so that we develop better and environment friendly cars in the times to come.We made sure that the money is not spent on general R&D rather we identified some key areas and invested in those constantly. Finance was an area of concern as we were incurring huge losses; we took necessary steps to improve this. We priced our products aggressively and planned production efficiently. As a result this gave us better sales. We also tried to cut down on costs, which gave us a better gross margin over the years. We started to make profits in the later years and this shows that our products have been well accepted by the market.We offered Alpha (medium) and Beta (large) cars in the beginning then we came up with Delta (city – hybrid) and lastly with Zeta (diesel – luxury). The luxury market was untapped and we thought we could do well by se lling a small number of cars because the margins in a luxury car are huge. The offering was based on the market research and the demand in the market. The design of the cars kept on changing as requested by the customers. This showed that we were catering to all segments of the market in terms of offering and pricing.Our aim is to be a leading car manufacturer by creating stylish, reliable, eco friendly cars by following the principles of enhancing our team, extending our business and enlarging our market. To sustain in this competitive market we have to take into account what the competitor is doing and react accordingly by delivering a better product. The need of the hour is to connect with the customers. The world is moving towards alternative fuels and we will also try to come up with products that are environmental friendly keeping in mind the needs of the customer yet giving stylish, value for money and fuel efficient cars.

Philosophy - Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy - Plato - Essay Example Its democracy was on its knees. There was rampant political selfishness in the great City and this greatly angered Plato. He saw justice as the only true remedy to all of the city’s and the entire country’s problems Self satisfaction was rampant owing to the popularity of the Sophistic teachings that dwelled on self satisfaction that turned the society into largely individualistic people. Most people were running for public offices to achieve their own selfish gains and this eventually divided the city into two groups of the haves and the have nots. The culture of individualism became his main target for attacks in his works.Cephalus established the traditional theory of justice. He viewed justice as speaking the truth and paying one’s debt. He viewed justice as identifying with the right conduct. According to Polemarchus, justice consists in giving what is proper to him. He viewed it simply as doing good to friends and harm to enemies. These two views were criticized to great lengths by Plato. He criticized Cephalus’ theory with the view that there may be cases in which his preferred formula may violate the spirit of right; hence it cannot be taken as a sound universal life principal. He poked holes in Polemarchus’ theory by asking hoe this could be applied in a case whereby the friend is only a friend in seeming but in reality was an enemy. He wondered what would happen in this scenario. He concluded that if justice is determined by the relations between two individuals it promoted individualistic principles and ignores the rest of the society. In the allegory of the cave, Plato proposes a group of prisoners that have been bound in the cave all their lives only being able to see the cave walls. The only light is from a fire at the top of the cave. A path runs above and behind them separating them from the fire. People passing by the path have their shadows cast onto the wall viewed by the

Chapter 6 Motivation Case Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 6 Motivation Case Assignment - Essay Example As indicated in Figure 6.7, it could be assumed that both the boss and Joe agree that his performance needs to be improved; therefore, in analyzing his situation, his problem actually stemmed from inadequate subordinate motivation (rather than inadequate subordinate ability). Case facts revealed that he has previously exhibited good performance, he was reported to have worked hard, have consistently produced high quality results, have manifested volunteering for special projects, made suggestions for improvement, and even demonstrated in-depth practical knowledge of the architecture and construction business (Whetten and Cameron 363). Therefore, analyzing further, the lack of motivation was apparently the result of rewards not being linked to performance and not being fairly distributed (Whetten and Cameron 362). From the complaints he expressed through an officemate, it was evident that his performance and efforts were not duly recognized, acknowledged and rewarded. 3) Based on your conclusions in question # 2, how could you use the nine steps and three strategies - reprimand, redirect, reinforce (Table 6.5 page 341-342) to reshape Joe’s behavior? Using the nine steps and three strategies therefore to reshape Joe’s behavior would require management to do the following: Reprimand would necessitate confronting Joe to specifically identify his inappropriate behavior; point out the impact to others; and determine the causes of his low performance and suggestions to remedy this. Redirect would mean accurately stating to Joe the expected behavior, standards and goals to be achieved within a defined schedule; determine from him if he would comply; and be supportive by praising his previous level of performance and telling him that he could achieve these and even excel, if needed. Reinforce guidelines would require management to design appropriate rewards and sanctions; and to regularly monitor the

The Outcome of Employee Involvement and Participation Essay

The Outcome of Employee Involvement and Participation - Essay Example The utilization of this management philosophy is proved to positively impact a business organization. First, it has been demonstrated that giving employees the chance to participate in the decision making of business organizations directly and significantly contributes to their job satisfaction. As human beings, employees have this innate desire to enhance their self-worth. Without their participation and involvement, employees are left with the feeling that they are no more than the equipment that the company uses. With these sentiments, employees began to feel dissatisfied with their job, leading to human resource problems like absenteeism and low labor productivity. Thus, employee involvement and participation is a motivational factor that enhances the satisfaction of employees. Employee satisfaction has a positive implication for a firm. For one, employee satisfaction brought about by employee involvement is instrumental in achieving the goals of the company. John Purcell has emphasized that the firm’s human resource should be taken as strategic partners. Employee involvement can be used in order to tap the creativity and skill of the workforce and strategically align according to the goals of the business organization. If the employees are satisfied with their jobs, then doing this will be less tedious. The end result will be higher organizational performance leading to higher profitability. Employee involvement in the decision making of the company gives them the feeling of belongingness to the organization. This also makes them able to identify themselves with the company. They feel that their efforts can strongly contribute to the attainment of organizational success.  

POL2000 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT WK 1 ASSIGNMENT Essay

POL2000 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT WK 1 ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Fundamentally, personal liberty enhances progress in a society. Hence, people discover better ways of life in an environment full of greater freedom. Individualism is the belief system for an individual’s potential to have common sense, be rational and act fair, which underlines the democratic view of popular rule. The collective rights of individuals give governments the authority and the power with these concepts diffusing through democratic ideals. Nonetheless, some democracies prioritize other elements ahead of the individual. For example, China, Cuba, and Vietnam promote a form of governance known as statism, which centralizes power and authority over the economy instead of an individual. In contrast, modern democracies consider citizens as more important than a community or the nation. Equality of Opportunity: According to Jefferson’s first draft of the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"All men are created equal and from that equal creation they derive rights inherent and unalienable, among which are the preservation of liberty and the pursuit of happiness† (as cited in Magleby, Light, & Nemacheck, 2011, p.22). In effect, these values augment the significance of an individual in a democratic process. However, American politics create controversy in the definition of equality and other mechanics to achieve equality in the society. Popular sovereignty is the principle that ultimate political power and authority lies with people, which is the principle that defined the American Revolution, the Declaration of Independence, and the new nation. The implication is that a government derives its power through popular consent from the people it governed. Hence, a commitment to democracy is the willingness of citizens to participate in the decision-making process in government. While these principles may be agreeable, the implication is that the minority should prepare to lose when the majority votes in a particular way. Democratic

Reason for Academic Dismissal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reason for Academic Dismissal - Essay Example With this in mind things started getting out of my control. I was busy with other stuff in life instead of concentrating on my studies. Now after the terrifying experience of being out of college I've set my priorities and set aside my problems. I have been a good student with full concentration when I joined and I will again get my grades as high as my hopes were at the time I joined this prestigious college. I hope you would consider my appeal as 'He who opens a school door, closes a prison (Victor Hugo). I assure you my circumstances were beyond my control. Now, I have had the courage to leave that company. I have been studying hard all this time with the hope that my appeal would be considered and I'll be a source of pride for my College and my parents. Another strategy to improve my grades is that I have improved my living and study habits. I wake up early in the morning and go for a long walk. After that I exercise and with that I take a huge glass of juice. With that done I have a fresh mind and start studying as school timings with a few minutes break as well so that I don't lose my concentration and think of fun again. My friends are now those people who work hard to achieve success in life. I have realised that only play and no studies is not a good theory of spending life.

Marketing - Pricing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing - Pricing Strategy - Essay Example To ensure that the number of customers is controlled, the restaurant will charge high prices for their products while ensuring that the quality of food and other services provided are great. The statement of the restaurant should be to offer high quality food to the target market by ensuring emphasis on customized / personalized services. By adhering to the statement, the restaurant will aim at offering good food to the customers and at the same time be driven by the changes in the market (Milligan, 2012). This will ensure that the customers’ needs are met in a timely manner with customer considered king in the business operations. At the same time, offering of quality food and drinks will make the business operate within the legal requirements and cater for the interests of their stakeholders (Gupta, 2009). Because of this, the business will remain socially responsible and reduce costs that are associated with litigation charges. Most cases involving restaurants are based on tortuous actions or criminal proceedings if customers get injured or incur losses because of consuming food or having injuries in the restaurants. If the statement guiding the operations of the restaurant is maintenance of quality, the cases of such litigations will be minimized hence reducing costs. This statement would simultaneously cause customer satisfaction and loyalty. Every retailer in conducting business has the objective of maximizing returns ion the investment. Pricing is the only marketing mix element that generates cash to the business hence its importance. However, settling on the pricing strategy to use may not be an easy task to businesses. There are various pricing strategies including cost plus margin pricing, competitive pricing, psychological pricing, multiple pricing, discount pricing, and prestige pricing (Nagle Hogan & Zale, 2011). Any business that considers profit key however must thus consider the cost of production and ensure that the prices are above all the total costs and other overheads used in production. For the case of the upscale pricing, there is need for exclusion and uniqueness. The kinds of customers who are expected to be served in the restaurants are those of high class and will be interested in high quality services. They will thus be less sensitive to changes in the prices since they are also capable of paying even where charges are very high. Prestige pricing will therefore be the best pricing strategy to adopt in the restaurant (Nagle Hogan & Zale, 2011). Prestige pricing is one way that will ensure that the prices charged are above the costs and therefore make the business make huge profits to justify its operations and expansion of their services. In addition, the customers of upscale restaurant are those who need a feeling of being very important and non-ordinary. This makes them associate the high price with very high quality ad uniqueness. They will therefore be more comfortable with paying high prices than jus t the normal prices as a cost to the exclusive nature of their environment. In an upscale restaurant, highly qualified staffs who also expect to be paid highly normally prepare the food. The hotel attendants must be people with great skills and knowledge whose services are compensated very highly. In addition, the furniture, jewelers, and other beautification products to make the environment look prestigious make the customers overlook the

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Assignment

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management - Assignment Example Concurrently, through results of surveys, authors Boyer, Francois, Doutre, Weil and Labarere (2006) have disclosed that to enable patient satisfaction, managers in a health care setting look into improving the organizational environment, in conjunction with functional facilities and amenities, as required. Emphasis was thereby noted that the information relayed by patients through customer satisfaction feedback is a crucial source of relevant information that would enable management and hospital administrators to deteremine problems, concerns, and issues that would enable them to design an appropraite plan of action towards continuous quality improvement in their health care setting (Boyer, Francois, Doutre, Weil, & Labarere, 2006). For continuous quality improvement in the health care setting, collaborative effort is crucial from all stakeholders; not solely on nursing leaders and health institution managers. However, their respective roles in ensuring both quality improvement and i n patient satisfaction is paramount as leaders were specifically identified as the driving force and â€Å"influence the behavior of other people in order to get things done† (Martires & Fule, 2000, p. 150). In this regard, the aim of the current paper is to present pertinent issues relative to determining ways and means to address issues on the satisfaction of patients, in conjunction with the need for unrelentless efforts for unceasing quality improvement and patient satisfaction in the health care setting; specifically to provide a comparative analysis of how nursing leaders and managers approach these concerns through the use of diverse concepts, ideals, abilities and responsibilities of the leader versus manager described in health institutions. Finally, one would provide explanation as to the method that effectively and appropriately matches ones professional, as well as philosophy of nursing and the reasons this method best fits to ones leadership style. 2) Comparative Analysis of How Nursing Leaders and Managers Approach Continuous Quality Improvement and Patient Satisfaction The study conducted by Boyer, Francois, Doutre, Weil, & Labarere (2006) on the link between patient satisfaction surveys and continuous quality improvement generated findings which revealed that there are three factors that influence satisfaction of patients with unceasing efforts for quality improvement: (1) a focus on a culture that emphasizes quality in the health care setting; (2) the content and consistency in results provided by regular patient satisfaction surveys; and (3) the extent by which management encourages participation of various health care practitioners towards utilizing results of the patient satisfaction surveys towards the need to improve identified facets of the health care environment. As disclosed, â€Å"this result is coherent with the continuous improvement quality theory and with studies that have shown that quality improvement is more often asso ciated with a participative organization than bureaucratic and hierarchical culture† (Shortell, O’Brien, Carman, et al., 1995, pp. 377–401; cited in Boyer, Francois,

Greek Heroes and changes in feminism and masculinity Essay Example for Free

Greek Heroes and changes in feminism and masculinity Essay That a millennium-long struggle between patriarchal and matriarchal mindsets took place in the Bronze Age is easily apparent whether one turns to Greek drama, mythology, or mythography. In every category numerous examples of this can be found – a nearly, if not actually, overwhelming number. It begins as early as with the ancient tale of Hercules, one of Zeuss many sons and a later iconic figure representing strength, courage, and sexual prowess. Hercules was jealously hated by Zeuss wife, Hera, and for that reason she took every opportunity available to cause him pain and attempt to kill him. Even before his birth, out of jealous rage Hera attempted to prevent his birth. Throughout his life she tormented him, still punishing him for her husbands infidelity. Hera exhibits what were considered at the time â€Å"feminine† traits: she allowed herself to be consumed by jealousy over her husbands dalliances with other women, and lashed out against these women and their offspring. She was â€Å"conniving† and devoted herself to tormenting the lovers and illegitimate offspring of her husband. Hercules, on the other hand, was the embodiment of masculinity: he was physically strong, courageous, successful sexually, able to depend on his wit when his strength was insufficient for a task, mentally capable of withstanding multiple transgressions into insanity (all induced by Hera), emotionally strong enough to handle murdering his own children, and his end was brought about by a woman (his second-to-last wife, unwittingly and easily manipulated with jealousy into killing her husband). The same cant quite be said for the myth of Jason and Medea. Hera, instead of tormenting the male out of jealousy, instead assists him out of a depression by indirectly making Medea fall in love with him and help him in his tasks. After he finishes all his tasks, he sets sail, taking Medea with him, and she has to distract her father by murdering her brother, effectively cutting all ties with her life as a maiden. After an eventual exile, Jason not only betrays Medea by getting engaged with another woman, he adds insult to injury by dismissing her pleas and assertions that she had helped him with the fact that he had no loyalty to her, but only to Aphrodite, who was the reason Medea had fallen in love with him at all. Medea takes her revenge by presenting the bride with a cursed dress, protects her two sons by murdering them, and flees. Jason, the male, depends on Medea, the female with magical talents, to assist him, and at an early opportunity, leaves her behind, despite what he owes her, to pursue a marriage that would make him more politically attractive. Medea is jealous and uses her capabilities to inflict harm before leaving immediately. The myth of Oedipus weaves a tale not similar in content, but in portrayal of feminine and masculine roles and traits. Oedipus, aware of the prophecy that he will kill his father and marry his mother, attempts valiantly to avoid this by simply leaving what he believes to be his homeland, unaware of having been adopted. Along the way, he kills a man who he doesnt know to be both the king of Thebes and his biological father. He also solves the riddle of the Sphinx, freeing the city from its terror. Upon his arrival to the city, he pledges to eradicate the plague, swearing to find the murderer of the citys king. He marries the queen, Jocasta, and his own mother, and has children by her. Oedipus is told by a blind prophet that he should abandon his search for the killer, and the story unravels: he is told that he is the killer, and disbelieves because he still thinks hes the son of his adopted father. Jocasta realizes Oedipus is her son, and out of shame and horror takes her own life. Oedipus too realizes eventually that he was adopted, and that he unwittingly fulfilled the prophecy he was trying to avoid. He immediately searches for Jocasta and finds her dead by her own hand in the palace. In despair, he gouges his own eyes out, which is an uncommon form of self-punishment considering suicide is more likely in Greek tragedy than self-crippling. He goes on to become revered rather than reviled; a wise, old blind man. Oedipus, because of his efforts to avoid a horrific situation, escapes harsh judgment. Jocasta, on the other hand, immediately falls into prescribed gender roles: a newly widowed queen, she naturally marries the strong savior of the city. After realizing who her second husband truly is, she tries to prevent him from figuring out his own identity and takes on the burden herself, taking her own life. Perseus, even before the heros conception, is a myth riddled with adherence to gender traditions. His mother is shut away and kept from becoming pregnant, her father having been told that he would be killed by his daughters son. Despite this, Zeus easily visits her and impregnates her, resulting in the birth of Perseus. Cast away from his homeland, he was raised by his mother and a fisherman. Invited to a banquet to which he was expected to bring a horse, Perseus promised another gift instead, and was immediately commanded to bring the head of Medusa as a prize. With the help of the gods, he did so – proving his masculinity and manhood by withstanding the trial. On his return journey, he happened upon a situation in which a woman needed rescuing; he became the valiant hero, again proving his masculinity and manhood by appropriately responding to a feminine crisis, and she became his wife, naturally responding appropriately to Perseuss masculinity. Theseuss story, as a founder-figure, is a much longer tale than the previous heros. He also began early, recovering his fathers arms to prove his hero-hood and lineage. On his way to Athens to claim his birthright, Theseus faces peril after peril after peril, and task after task, overcoming each obstacle, and in the process proving each time his courage, manhood, masculinity, bravery, and strength. In each circumstance he not only proved himself, but became a savior figure as well, as each obstacle he overcame was a problem for multiple people. Upon his arrival at Athens, Medea recognized him as the rightful heir to the throne, and decided to have him killed so her own son would be guaranteed the spot. Unsuccessful the first time, she tried a second time, the king only realizing in the nick of time who Theseus was, and saving his life. He was chosen as the hero to rescue Athenians from the Minotaur, to which they were forced to pay tribute each year with their own population. Again with assistance from a woman, he was successful in the endeavor and took her with him to marry. However, exhibiting the treatment of women as passive pawns, a god appeared to him in a dream, claiming her as his own bride and demanding he leave her on an island for him. Theseus, unwilling to anger the gods, did so. Theseus exhibits all of the ideal masculine traits of the period: strength, courage, valiantness, independence, and doesnt fall to the feminine traits of the woman who conspires against his attempt to seize his rightful place. Ariadne exhibits the ascribed feminine traits of the woman who falls for the valiant hero and ultimate example of masculinity, helpfulness and willingness to bend to his will. All of these heroes and their myths, including the women who helped or harmed them in their endeavors to prove their manhood, masculinity, courage, and strength, only emphasize the point that the struggle between matriarchal and patriarchal interests was always fierce. References (1855). Bulfinch index. Retrieved July 9, 2009, from Bulfinchs mythology the age of fable or stories of gods and heros Web site: http://www. sacred-texts. com/cla/bulf/ Ovid, (1 A. C. E. ). The internet classics archive. Retrieved July 9, 2009, from Metamorphoses Web site: http://classics. mit. edu/Ovid/metam. html Sophocles (n. d. ). Oedipus the king. Retrieved July 9, 2009, from The internet classics archive Web site: http://classics. mit. edu/Sophocles/oedipus. html

The 2008 Presidency Essay Example for Free

The 2008 Presidency Essay The race to the White House has long been underway. Both Republican and Democrat parties are in the process of selecting their respective nominees for the presidency. Currently, John McCain is recognized as the Republican nominee while Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama are the primary contenders for the Democrat nomination. A review of their stand on pertinent issues, as well as their personal and political background is as follows: John McCain John McCain is presently senator of the state of Arizona. Before he entered politics, he was an officer in the U. S. Navy for 22 years (America. gov). He served in Vietnam and was the recipient of not a few honors for his exemplary performance of duty. McCain ran for Republican nomination in the last elections but lost the battle to George Bush. The emphasis of McCain is in homeland security and the threats of terrorism. His view is that strengthening the military and continuing the role of the U. S. troops in Iraq will guarantee a safer America (Washingtonpost. com). Incidentally, his son is also in active duty in that country. Once elected, he will call for modernization in the military and the use of national missile defense systems. High technology weaponry will enable the U. S. to prevent and counteract the anticipated attacks from non-democratic states. He also sees the need for the adequately training the Iraqi military forces to raise their capacity to perform their responsibilities without the assistance of U. S. troops. If America would withdraw its troops this early, this would result in widespread civil unrest. Further, the U. S. should also force Iraq’s neighbors, Syria and Iran, to halt their support to al-Qaida in order to isolate Iraq and effectively contain terrorism in that country (Washingtonpost. om). McCain will support efforts towards establishing democratic states not only in the Middle East but also in Sub-Saharan Africa. Regarding immigrants, McCain is pushing for stricter immigration laws. He views illegal immigrants as a threat to national security. The U. S. should secure the U. S. -Mexico border which is perceived as the major route of illegal immigrants. He initiated legislation efforts in setting up an immigrant status verification system and for employers to hire persons who are legal immigrants (America. ov). McCain also sees it the responsibility of immigrants to master U. S. English, acquire knowledge on U. S. history, constitution and government in order to effectively integrate themselves in society. McCain is also supportive of reducing the taxes of the working class by as much as $2,700. 00 annually and to also offer tax credits to families who could not afford health insurance as well as allow individuals to keep their insurance regardless if they move to another state or seek another job (America. gov). Taxes should also be maximized by evaluating all government programs and removing those that are not effective. With regards to education, he thinks that through encouraging competition, public schools will be motivated to provide their students top-performing teachers whose abilities would translate in higher performance of their students (America. gov). For this to work, teachers should be given proper incentives based on the output of their students. Finally, John McCain is an advocate of free trade and supports the continuing role of the U.  S. in the North American Free Trade Association and other trade relations that are already in place and in expanding these relations to include other developing countries (Washingtonpost. com). In responding to the unemployment brought about by the relocation of the operations of U. S. companies to the third world, providing further education and training would give the laid-off workers the opportunity to hold jobs related to trade (America. gov). Hillary Clinton Hillary Clinton is the current senator from New York. She served as first lady to her husband Bill Clinton, who was a former governor of Arkansas and a two-term president beginning in 1993 (America. gov). She is also an attorney, an alumna of Yale Law School and a writer of many books. She is an advocate of many issues such as tax-cuts for the middle class, a universal health insurance program, reform of immigration laws and the safeguarding of our foodstuffs from the threats of bioterrorism (America. gov). When elected, Clinton would call for the withdrawal of U. S. roops in Iraq believing that a globally coordinated effort towards diplomacy, as opposed to force, will work best in establishing democracy in that country (Washingtonpost. com). This is underscored when she stated that she favors creating alliances to counteract threats than moving alone and using military might. She proposes limiting the access of nuclear facilities to uranium to eliminate the possibility of their use for terrorist activities. In the same manner, global alliances are the best way to deal with issues related to the environment, poverty and disease and the U.  S. should work to provide the necessary leadership (Washingtonpost. com). With regards to trade, Clinton calls for an evaluation of the effects that major trade agreements such as the NAFTA have caused to the workers in America. She does not propose revocation of these agreements but rather to reform them so that the rights and welfare of American workers are taken into consideration (America. gov). She will move to further enhance the capacity of the Trade Adjustment Assistance in helping the workers who lost their jobs because of the relocation of their companies (America. ov). She also recognized the lack of competent teachers in public schools, high drop out rates of high school ethnic minorities and that many Americans can not afford university education. As such, she would institute tax credits for those enrolled in university and to generate scholarship programs. To help reduce the current health problem, she will focus on promoting health information and in directing the health services sector to further develop preventive measures against diseases (America. gov). Barack Obama Barack Obama entered politics in 2004 as Illinois senator after working in the state senate for eight years (America. gov). He has traveled a lot and held a career as an organizer and civil rights lawyer in Chicago, having graduated from Harvard Law School. He is also active in the Veterans’ Affairs Committee, partly responsible for the welfare of American soldiers from overseas. Obama has long criticized the occupation of U. S. troops in Iraq and like Clinton, would see that the Defense Department will begin the withdrawal of American troops in the Middle-Eastern country (Washingtonpost. om). He attributes the incapacity of the Iraqi government to dependence on U. S. initiatives so that withdrawal of troops would compel them to fulfill their leadership responsibilities. U. S. support should be in the form of humanitarian assistance and in involving Iraq’s neighbors in the over-all effort to promote peace and stability in that country (America. gov). He is in favor of expanding the current number of the army and marines towards better protecting the U. S. rom nuclear attacks which is the most serious threat to national security at the moment (America. gov). Therefore, he will initiate a world-wide endeavor to regulate the use of nuclear resources and weaponry and ensure that these are not availed of by terrorist organizations and rouge states. Obama has so far taken the most liberal position in terms of international relations as he stated that the U. S. should be open to establish communication with as many countries as possible regardless of their style of government (America. ov). He emphasized the responsibility of the U. S. in alleviating poverty world-wide through the efforts of well-trained civilian aid groups and the military (American. gov). He will also focus on developing relations with Asian states, especially China, to challenge them to adhere to international policies. In the field of education, he will also work towards employing more teachers and for education system to increase knowledge levels in the areas of mathematics and science (America. gov). He proposes tax credits to university students, additional funding for education programs including skills training for employment and giving scholarships to students committed to building careers in teaching (Washingtonpost. com). Further, Obama would also like to see tax cuts for the working class and in removing the income taxes of those with the lowest income (American. gov). He would also institute a health insurance for children, for employers to shoulder a portion of their workers’ expenses for health insurance and for health care providers to be transparent regarding their expenditures. Finally, Obama is also interested in and has taken steps towards the enactment of a law permitting the American public to access information regarding how revenue is allocated. He would also institute a system of validating immigrant status prior to employment and that illegal immigrants with no criminal records in the U. S. should be fined if they wish to stay in the country (America. gov). He is against the involvement of the U. S. in trade organizations because of human rights, environment and worker related issues. The Republican and Democrat Position The main differences between Republican and Democrat candidates are in their political and economic paradigms – free trade as against a little government regulation of the economy, diplomacy and global coalitions versus military aggression, funding high tech military and defense system or funding healthcare and education. The Republican John McCain’s stand on issues is largely derived from his background in the military and with continuing the policies of the current administration of a fellow Republican. A major theme in his platform is with regards to national security, threats from rogue states and the prominent role of the military. He is also an advocate of Bush’s foreign policy of free trade. Democrats Clinton and Obama are in favor of diplomacy and the formation of global coalitions instead of primarily using military force in addressing national security and other global issues. They believe in global nuclear weapons regulation but not in enhancing U. S. weapons and military capacity. They call for the evaluation of U. S. involvement in free trade organizations and they also propose a review of U. S. foreign trade policies in order to pursue the protection of workers’ jobs in the U. S. They also seek to provide more funding for health care and education.

How Power Is Maintained Within The Society Media Essay

How Power Is Maintained Within The Society Media Essay According to Lukes (1986) cited in Scott (2001), power is, in its most general sense, the production of casual effects. When it comes to the social power, probably the best known definition of all was introduced by a German sociologist Max Weber (1920). He distinguished three kinds of power- traditional authority, legal authority and charismatic authority. Traditional authority occurred mainly in early Middle Ages and in some of todays tribal societies. It is the most stable form of power, not very susceptible to manipulation, because it is based mainly on tradition, which could be extremely difficult to change and the effects of such changes could be difficult to predict. Charismatic authority based on a personal ability to subordinate people, their dedication and trust in relation to the leader. No one else is able to perform such kind of power except of the person endowed with charisma. Legal authority is the least stable and its impermanence is apparent from the ease of manipula tion of the legal standards that form the basis of legitimacy. The authority is a feature of the relationship, not an attribute of personality. It is the impact on the partners in a mutual relationship. The aim of this essay is to show the ways, in which power is maintained within the society, through the transmission of values and ideas. Media can contribute a lot to a society. It can change opinions because they have access to people and this gives it a lot of strength. This strength can either be used constructively by educating people or it can be used destructively by misleading the innocent people. According to van Dijk article (1995) media uses their power in a really elaborate way. Thanks to its persuasive power, mass media can influence and control the audiences minds. Consequently through such a mind control, the mass media can also indirectly affect the viewers or readers actions. Author argues also, that the mass media consciously leaves a bit of independence to its audiences, just to make them better absorbed and encourages them to be actively involved instead of stay passive. Such a deliberate action of the media on the recipient, van Dijk described as a media manipulation. Author further explains, that the manipulation is the most effective when the recipients do not realize, they are being a subject of the media manipulation. Furthermore, according to that, manipulation is often perceived in a negative terms and is also being seen as a kind of the power abuse in the media. It is because of people, who create an image or certain argument just to support own interests. In effect, recipients accepts the news reports as a true and journalists opinions as a trustworthy.(van Dijk, 1995). There are many ways in which media manipulate their audiences inter alia suppression by omission, labeling, face-value transmission, slighting of content, false balancing, or framing. The basic way to make people stop to listen certain arguments, is to divert their attention elsewhere. The useful tool to do this is propaganda.(Herman, 2003;) In Manufacturing Consent Chomsky and Herman explains that the vast majority of the mass media companies are businesses, owned by wealthy people or big companies, and therefore media are mainly looking for profit, and they are selling airtime in TV or columns in newspapers to advertisers, who wants their ads to appear in a supporting environment just to secure access to the widest audience. Moreover, Herman and Chomsky introduced five factors actively involved in propaganda model. Those factors are: ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak and anticommunist ideology.(Herman, 2003) Those factors works like a filters, every information must pass through to get its final shape. Marxists also agrees, that ownership is an important factor. From Marxist point of view, if a newspapers are owned by the wealthy, it suggest that they will promote views of their owners. Another way in which the productivities of the mass media are affirmed, is through advertising. Companies pay large amounts of money just to have their products advertised in the newspaper or shown in television, and in effect the vast majority of newspapers or commercial television stations exists only because they earn money from advertising goods and services. Nowadays advertisements are everywhere and for some people it is nothing more than letting to know what is new or worth to buy. But for Marxists advertising performs more functions than only informing people what is worth buying. (Berger,1982; Chapter 2) In his book The State in the Capitalist Society R. Milliband analyzed the functions of the mass media, and he found that advertising could be seen also as a kind of political tool, because it reinforces the existing social order and highlights the rule of the capitalists. Milliband stated that advertising not only informs but mostly persuades. It not only tells to the potential buyer what to buy, but also suggests that capitalism is the best system. Consequently, the company not only sells goods, it also sells capitalism. Just to conclude propaganda model from the Marxist perspective, if a group own the production, they have not only economic, but also political power. The state is being seen as an institution which helps to organize the capitalist society, while the working class people are said to hold values, ideas and beliefs, but their ideas are still being manipulated by the media. Marx saw capitalism as a system of unequal wealth distribution within group of the powerful people, and believed, that the masses will further give up with capitalism to find the less oppressive system. (Best, 2002; 78-79) The Marxs theory of ideology was further continued by an Itali an Marxist Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci understood that each of the dominant political class dominates also the consciousness of others. Gramsci believed that the working class has not made a revolution because capitalism was on its cultural hegemony. Cultural hegemony in practice is limited to fixing the content has already been imposed. Such content may be, for example lifestyle, religion, school programs or career patterns. All this is presented to a subordinate class in a knowledge-sense way, and it effectively prevents the proletarians from formation of their own culture, their own patterns of life, or their own ideas. In Marxs materialist concept of history, the conditions of scarcity and poverty create antagonism between the classes. Antagonism, which leads to the hegemony of one class over another. Capitalism has not collapsed thanks to the cultural hegemony. The workers accepted the existing system of production as really reasonable and unassailable. Therefore that gave the ide ological victory for the bourgeoisie. To succeed the revolution, workers must have their own culture and ideology. Therefore the key challenge for them is to oppose to the bourgeois culture. (Gramsci, 1926-37) According to Turow, hypodermic needle theory implied that the mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on their audiences. That model of media communication was introduced by S. Tchakhotine (1939) and was based on media war propaganda. Broadcasters using the targeted content continuously and systematically stimulate basic instincts of the recipients on a stimulus- response base. This model assumes passivity and irrationality of behavior and a high susceptibility to the content of propaganda. A reflection of this concept in the context of the relationship between media and the recipient is a shot called a magic bullet theory or hypodermic needle injection. The basis of this theory is the assertion of total passivity of the recipients and the lack of resistance to the transfer. It was assumed that the message reaches all units in the society, which each of them receives in the same way, and it leads them to a similar reaction. Every unit within the society becomes a subje ct to bite specified by the message and whether it will be effective depends only on the dose. (Croteau and Hoynes, 2003, 240; Turow, 2009, 153) French sociologist Jean Baudrillard in his book Simulacra and Simulation argues that we live in an age of simulacra in which reality has been absorbed by its own representation, in an age in which truth, reference or objective reason ceased to exist. According to the philosopher people no longer perceive reality, only a simulation. In the opinion of Baudrillard simulacra has become one of the most important category in our culture. Media lead to the invalidation of reality, and to stem the flow of information. Each event is ground, which according to the author of Simulacra and Simulation leads to loss of feeling and the whole sequence of events. Simulation runs directly to produce hyper-reality, which defines the reality even more real than the reality itself. Media offer us the beauty more beautiful than the beauty and truth truer than the truth. Baudrillard argues that there is no reality, which does not mean that we live in a world of fantasy, he says only that people can no long er reach the unmediated reality. Baudrillard says that the reality does not disappear, it vanished the difference between what is real and what is simulated. Our senses are no longer able to distinguish between images and simulacrum.(Baudrillard, 1994; 21-23) Baudrillard also famously claimed that the Gulf War in 1991, did not happen, although its appearance in television. It is obvious, that the war actually took place, but the meaning and the details of what happened are inseparable from television coverage.(Baudrillard, 1995; 17). A man immersed in the hyper-reality, assess their real survival according to whether they match with the image promoted by the movies he watch, he sees himself in the mirror through the prism of ideal images in advertising. A sense of reality blurs for him forever because of continuous invasion of images served by the media, what captures their understanding of the world. In conclusion, media therefore do not affect what people think, but affect it, about what people think and can focus our attention on some issues, turning it (via omissions, etc.) from the other cases. The views of the unit depends largely on its perceived bias, the opinion prevailing in the social environment, and these in turn from the views presented in the mass media. The views of the media are easier than others reinforced by public opinion. The truth of this assertion depends on the activities of dissident groups, having the courage and strength to expression of alternative.

Disk Jockeys Essay example -- DJ Music Musical DJs Essays

Disk Jockeys In today’s modern world the DJ has become a musician; the turntable, his instrument. It took fifteen years for this amazing resolution. DJ's have actually been around for years; mixing and scratching however, it did not come along until the late 70's or early 80's (â€Å"Disc Jockey 1†). A lot of people were doing this. But the main front line man was and still is Granmasterflash. Granmasterflash, one of hip-hop's founding fathers and the creator of the Quick Mix. He was the first person to change the arrangements of songs by using duplicate copies of records and manually editing/repeating the climatic part by rubbing the record back and forth (â€Å"Grandmaster Flash†). But now the DJ has changed. The kinds of DJ’s are different, the equipment is different, and the scratching is different. A DJ (disc jockey) takes many forms. The three most common forms are Mobile DJs, Radio DJs, and Club DJs. Mobile DJs generally work parties and special events (i.e.: weddings, birthdays, etc.) on site (â€Å"DJ.net Homepage†). This sort of work usually entails entertaining a wide variety of tastes and age groups, as well as a bit of MC'ing. Radio DJs are the least common. Their task is to make sure there is never any dead air time by filling it with either their words or music. Again, there is a certain appeal that needs to be worked on and being a Mr. Personality is important. The third kind, Club DJs can be found, but are not nearly as prominent at mobile DJs. They have a very specific age group and are expected to play the latest and greatest all the time. This sort of DJing often requires the most technical know-how on mixing since style and uniqueness are critical to establish a name for oneself and the club itself. DJs can make anything from 0 to $50,000 a night. It all depends on how good the DJ gets. In the club scene, when he starts off, find that the DJ will probably only going to get work if he works for free As he gets better, he might start getting in around $50 a night. Once the DJ actually reasonably established in your own town, things can jump up to around $400 a night, then as he gets bigger and better, the sky's the limit for how much you can request (â€Å"Get Rich as a DJ†). All three shares the common goal of providing an entertainment for a wide variety of people through various means, mostly however, through music. A DJ's job is to combine all the... ...the forearm and wrist and then "stab" back and forth. The other way of doing it though is just to use the fingers to move the record back and forth through the needle. It is basically the same; all it is trying to do is improve the speed that the DJ can scratch at. Obviously, through doing this, he would want to make the amount of vinyl passing under the needle as small as possible. Then just find the beat or samples that he is scratching through, and keep it on that try not too spill too far before or after the sample (â€Å"Scratching†) The tear involves a bit more skill than the scratches covered so far. Essentially the movement is the same as a baby scratch but is now split into three. The forward stroke stays the same, but the backwards s split into two; the first half being fast and the second being half the pace. Try to practice just the backward stroke first, so that he can get used to changing the tempo (â€Å"Scratching†) DJing requires a lot of practicing. But once the future DJ gets the basics down. He can mature into a pro DJ. But it will take a lot of time, money, energy, and patience. If the DJ sticks with it, he could become next great pro DJ. The sky is the limit.

Whitman :: essays research papers

Very few people will contest that Walt Whitman may be one of the most important and influential writers in American literary history and conceivably the single most influential poet. However many have claimed that Whitman’s writing is so free form as evident in his 1855 Preface to Leaves of Grass and Song of Myself that it has no style. The poetic structures he employs are unconventional but reflect his very democratic ideals towards America. Although Whitman’s writing does not include a structure that can be easily outlined, masterfully his writing conforms itself to no style, other then its own universal and unrestricted technique. Even though Whitman’s work does not lend itself to the conventional form of poetry in the way his contemporaries such as Longfellow and Whittier do, it holds a deliberate structure, despite its sprawling style of free association.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people say Whitman has no style, they are making a statement about his adherence to conventional standards of poetic form. Style, though, is something completely personal, not conventional. Whitman dared to go outside the conventional boundaries of poetic expression because he seldom followed the standards in rhyme, meter, and stanza form. However, hasn’t every great poet changed the rules governing the creation of great art in some way or another? Without a doubt they have, that defines them as great poets and gives them style. Whitman’s greatness lies in his divergence from the norm, his individuality, not his strict adherence to the arbitrary rules of his predecessors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whitman’s approach to poetry is a reflection of his thought. These thoughts are free and wild, and his typical run-on sentences and his endless litanies of people and places represent the thoughts trying to be conveyed. The overall effect of these run-on sentences provides the reader with a feeling of greatness and of freedom. All of the feelings that are evoked from Whitman’s style can be classified as quintessentially American democratic feelings. The belief that Whitman had no style would imply that Americans as a society have no style, a statement that not only Whitman but Emerson and Thoreau as well fought against through their writings. Whitman and Emerson fighting for the same cause is not coincidental, Whitman has often been viewed as the â€Å"child† of Emerson, his work being greatly influenced by Emerson. Whitman’s technique of looking at everything as a whole and always opposed to breaking up the whole can be linked to his b elief of unity within our country and the reason why he took the Civil War extremely hard and personal.

Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures Essay -- English Lite

Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures Introduction More than three-quarters of the people living in the world today have had their lives shaped by the experience of colonialism. It is easy to see how important this has been in the political and economic spheres, but its general influence on the perceptual frameworks of contemporary peoples is often less evident. Literature offers one of the most important ways in which these new perceptions are expressed and it is in their writing, and through other arts such as painting, sculpture, music, and dance that the day-to-day realities experienced by colonized peoples have been most powerfully encoded and so profoundly influential. What are post-colonial literatures? This book is concerned with writing by those peoples formerly colonized by Britain, though much of what it deals with is of interest and relevance to countries colonized by other European powers, such as France, Portugal, and Spain. The semantic basis of the term ?post-colonial? might seem to suggest a concern only with the national culture after the departure of the imperial power. It has occasionally been employed in some earlier work in the area to distinguish between the periods before and after independence (?colonial period? and ?post-colonial period?), for example, in constructing national literary histories, or in suggesting comparative studies between stages in those histories. Generally speaking, though, the term ?colonial? has been used for the period before independence and a term indicating a national writing, such as ?modern Canadian writing? or ?recent West Indian literature? has been employed to distinguish the period after independence. We use the term ?post-co... ...rad, Patrick White and Margaret Atwood?, World Literature Written in English 24, no. 2 (Autumn). Campbell Praed (1981). Policy and Passion. London: Richard Bentley & Sons. Howe, Joseph (1874). Poems and Essays. Montreal: Lovell. Ngugi wa Thiong?o (1972). Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and Politics. London: Heinemann. Ngugi wa Thiong?o (1986). Writers in Politics. London: Heinemann. Phillips, Arthur (1958). ?The cultural cringe?. The Australian Tradition: Studies in a Colonial Culture. Melbourne: Cheshire. Said, Edward W. (1984). The World, the Text and the Critic. London: Faber. Tiffin, Chris, ed. (1978). South Pacific Images. St Lucia, Queensland: SPACLALS. Viswanathan, Gauri (1987). ?The beginnings of English literary study in British India?. Oxford Literary Review 9:1 & 2.

Othello, in Love? Essay

Was the relationship of Desdemona and Othello true love? Throughout the entire, through secrets and lies and murder even until the end one of the biggest questions that arose was the vitality of Othello Desdemona’s love. Although some readers of Othello have argued that Othello and Desdemona’s love was true, a closer examination of the way she shows empathy for him when he tells her stories reveals that he is only in love with the attention she gives him because it alleviates his own personal insecurities. By examining the abruptness of Othello’s jealousy and judgment of Desdemona’s possible infidelity, it is revealed that he has deeply rooted insecurities. After Iago tells Othello of the possible infidelity that has occurred, Othello immediately starts to get jealous and angry. He begins to admit some of the insecurities he has, â€Å"Maybe because I’m black and I don’t have nice manners like courtiers do, or because I’m getting oldà ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The insecurities that Othello has directly relate to the abruptness of his jealousy. Othello believes that he is lesser because he is â€Å"black† and â€Å"old†. Of course he, an ugly, old, outsider cannot compare to the young and beautiful Desdemona. He compares his self image with her image and automatically believes that he is not worthy of her. This terrible self image forces him to believe what Iago has told him even without proof. The abruptness of jealousy proves Othello has insecurities. If it was true love Othello would not have been so quick to assume that Iago’s claims of infidelity were true. An examination of the way Othello becomes intrigued by Desdemona because of her undivided attention toward the stories he told shows that the attention she gives him alleviates his insecurities. When Othello is in the court room talking to the duke, trying to prove his love for Desdemona, he mentions that â€Å"She loved me for the dangers I had pass’d, and I loved her that she did pity them†, Othello clearly says that Desdemona’s interest in him only derives from the fact that she is intrigued by the stories of his adventurous past and Othello’s interest in Desdemona derives from the fact that she loves his stories. Othello clearly understands that Desdemona loves him for his previous adventures and not for a romantic reason. Othello uses Desdemona’s fanaticism as a way to alleviate his insecurities. By Desdemona complementing Othello, it makes him feel better and wanted. It distracts him from his insecurities therefore Othello’s â€Å"love† isn’t true. He thinks that he is in love when truly the feelings he has are that of fulfillment of what is lost by his insecurities. Othello being driven into madness has less to do with Desdemona’s possible infidelity but more to do with her no longer being there to alleviate his insecurities because of her shift from undivided attention to Othello to her undivided attention to Cassio in attempt to get him his job back. Before Cassio was fired Desdemona devoted all of her time to Othello and wanted to be with him constantly, when he was sent to war she even wanted to go with him â€Å"So that, dear lords, if I be left behind a moth of peace and he go to the war, the rites for which I love him are bereft me, And I a heavy interim shall support by his dear absence. Let me go with him†. She couldn’t stand to be away from Othello and this made him feel wanted and his insecurities were intern alleviated. This all changed once Cassio lost his job though. Desdemona pledged to get him his job back, â€Å"Do not doubt that. Before Emilia here I give thee warrant of thy place. Assure thee, if I do vow a friendship, I’ll perform it to the last article. My lord shall never rest; I’ll watch him tame and talk him out of patience†. This new devotion to Cassio meant that Othello was no longer receiving the same attention and his insecurities were no longer being alleviated. When she was no longer alleviating his insecurities and there was no purpose for her. When he realized this he was overwhelmed with jealousy. He not only wanted to kill Cassio for taking away the one who solved his problems but he wanted to take away her as well, â€Å"Oh, that the slave had forty thousand lives! One is too poor, too weak for my revenge†¦ Damn her, lewd minx! Oh, damn her, damn her! Come, go with me apart. I will withdraw to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil†. If Othello was in love with Desdemona as a person and not just the attention she gives him then it would be safe to say that the love they shared was true but because he felt as though the only solution was to kill her proves that their relationship was not true love. Othello is only in love with the attention Desdemona gives him because it alleviates his own personal insecurities. Desdemona distracts Othello from his insecurities and makes him feel better and wanted. When Desdemona no longer alleviated the insecurities he had his only course of action was to kill Desdemona and Cassio. If their love would have been true he would not have been so quick to make the decision to kill Desdemona.

Surrogacy in India

The essay, â€Å"Inside India's surrogacy industry†, talked about how the surrogacy industry made an impact on India. Being a socially conservative country, India surprisingly does not reject the idea but rather supportive of it. The confederation of Indian industry reported that by 2012, the practice of surrogacy will generate 2. 3 billion dollars. Why is this industry advancing so fast in India? First of all, commercial surrogacy is legal in India, while it is still banned in many other countries. With the business growing so fast, the government is drafting laws to make sure surrogacy is not being privatized. The government is setting the age limit of the surrogate mother to 35 and can only have the maximum of 5 pregnancies, including their own children. Another reason that surrogate mothers are so popular in India is the pricing. In western countries, surrogacy can cost up to 90,000 dollars but in India, the surrogates are only being paid around 6500 to 7500, which is the sum of their income for several years. While this seems like a perfect balance of supply and demand, it does raise some alarming questions. Has the need for survival or simply living a better life twisted the fabric of traditional human beliefs? India, a religious and conservative country, allows their women to simply â€Å"rent† out their wombs. To my understanding, the ability to reproduce is a gift from god. Putting a price tag on something so precious and sacred is no better than prostitution. If prostitution is illegal, then why shouldn't paid surrogacy be? If compared, prostitution may create less long term problem than the surrogate business. Another problem that we should realize is that the Western side of the world should not bring their problems to the east. Child labor and sex related business in China, underage sex trade in Thailand and Indonesia and more other problems were brought in by the westerners. Anything they could not fulfill in their countries, were brought to the weaker east. At times, the supply and demand rule apply but so do many social and health problems. Children who work in sweat shops do not get proper education and they will only remain working in the shop. Children who sell their bodies at a young age were misled to believe that it is a proper method for survival. Surrogacy is not the world's most critical problem but it does touch on many ethnical issues . What needs to be done is carefully review different possibilities and draft laws to heavily regulate. Being able to reproduce is a gift , not a business.

Havaianas

Our marketing case study refers at the develop of the Italian market of Havaianas flip-flops Description of Product In Brazil Havaianas product is well known (second only to Coca Cola). It’s a mass market product, a commodity Flip-flops features: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Comfortable Durable Out of time Practical Aesthetically beautiful Cheap Two Mains Markets A traditional segment like beach, leisure and sport A niche segment, the surf market Main Marketing Problems In Italy among consumers only 12. 5% indicated Havaianas as first brand of flip flops designed Find the right market segment considering the competitors Convey to consumers the important attributes, technical and emotional, of the product Targeting The product is suitable for everyone, but especially for consumers aged from 16 to 40 In this range we have identified three main consumers categories †¢ Trendy: †¢ Functional: †¢ Not interested: 10% 75% 15% Swot Analisys OPPORTUNITY – Width of the target – Ability to create authentic connections with a product rich in meanings – Ability to enter niche marketsSTRENGTHS – Versatility of the product – High Quality (natural materials) – Wide range of models -Possibility of limited Editions Product THREATS -Competition indirect and parallel importation of products with low cost (China) -No barriers to entry -Risk of becoming a passing fashion brand -Existence of direct competitors that also produce clothing lines WEAKNESSES – Poor presence in some markets – Low brand awareness – It’s absent the perception of the quality of the product by the consumer – Seasonality – It is not considered a technical productTraditional Market Positioning Market Positioning-Competitors †¢ Reef, the market leader, has a marketing strategy aimed at consumers increasingly sophisticated which seem to communicate a feeling of continuous research and ne ed of something more distinctive †¢ Sundek leverages its production of summer clothing to also sell footwear and flipflops †¢ As flip-flops for the pool, locker room and sports in general brands such as Nike & Adidas provide an higher level of technicality If we consider the Havaianas as a sandal for a night out or generally for living the city, then the competition is with brands such as D&G, Gucci, Prada Market Positioning-Havaianas Havaianas is on the market in a position straddling Functionality and Fashion (impossible for Reef) to a point less â€Å"evolved† of its direct competitor The fashion factor for Havaianas is the ability to sell a cheap product that capture the customers with the history, the sense of freedom and the possibility to express yourself which are the guidelines that, since the beginning, distinguish this productSurf Market Market PositioningCompetitors The competitors, althougth with different placements, stands on the left side of the tabl e aiming to attract customers with their ability to perceive the technical characteristics of the product There are also in this context brands such as Cool that are oriented more to products of high quality and technically suitable for sport Others (in the area at the bottom left) that link instead, quite indistinct between them, to follow the fashion even at the expense of the more technical characteristics Market PositioningHavaianasHavaianas instead focuses its strategy in being able to exploit the high degree of involvement that surfers reserve to this brand and this is the main feature that differentiates it from competitors In the surfing world Havainas is an â€Å"object of worship† now deeply rooted in the tradition and attractiveness of this sport and it is from this that the brands draws its market power Marketing Goals Create an emotional bond with the brand and its history Provide more popularity to the brand so that potential buyers can easily associate the bran d with various modelsBrand Philosophy Extraordinary capabilities that this product has to create a bond between the user and Brazil, the place of origin of the product and always destination of dreams of Italians Havaianas is a product that can be considered â€Å"true†: a long history, a great deal of continuity (the characteristics have remained largely unchanged over time) Natural materials and a process that has within it elements almost â€Å"craft† (examples of this are the molds made ? by hand) that make it meaningful and rich of story to tellMarketing Initiatives Havaianas Disco-Bus Twinsbros & Havaianas Surf Team Website Website At the heart of our proposals for Havaianas there is the transformation of the current website in order to create a direct relationship with the consumer and a sense of membership Build a section dedicated to events and parties with a photogallery which shows all connected to the world of Havaianas and itsâ€Å"lifestyle† Websit e â€Å"Party on Havaianas. it† †¢ The user, in order to participate in various competitions, must enroll communicating his e-mail.This will allow the company to create a large agenda of contacts through which it can communicate the dates of events, promotions and news of any kind in order to create a direct line to the most loyal. For people registered, there will be a further advantage: will be sent by e-mail invitations for the various parties that will be printed and presented at the entrance for a chance to enter for free â€Å"Testimonial for Havaianas â€Å" †¢ The consumers will send their photos with the more strange use that they can make with their flip-flops.The most bizarre and original will be published on the site, with the possibility to be commented on by all users, and the winning photo will become the icon for the communication campaign of Havaianas in the following year â€Å"Twinsbros & Havaianas Surf Team† The TwinsBros Factory has its headquarters in Livorno(Italy) and is structured specifically for the production of high quality surfboards The first goal of the collaboration is to create a set of surfboards and material competition sponsored Havaianas The second one is sponsor a team of surfers who will turn Italy to participate the races of the Italian circuit Twinsbros & Havaianas Surf Team† Return in terms of visibility: †¢ Will be published a banner Havaianas. it on the homepage of the site twinsbros. net †¢ Will be published a banner of TB & Havaianas surf team on the two main Italian surf portals (surfdome. it & surftolive. com) †¢ Will be published articles accompanied by photographs on the same portals above and magazines like Surfer Magazine, SurfUP & SurfNews †¢ Strong visibility in the audience present at the competition with the distribution of gadgets Havaianas Disco-Bus† The project consists of a disco-bus which during the summer will turn to the most famous locatio ns of the italian summer nightlife (Riccione, Milano Marittima, Porto Cervo, etc. .. ) It will be deprived of the seats and designed with the logo â€Å"Havaianas† in and outside so as to produce a strong visual impact on the observer The atmosphere will be tipically brazilian with theme-parties, music, cocktails and various kinds of gadgets provided

Lord of The Flies Web Quest

Tibia Insulaechorab How the conch's used & its significance o The leader will be chosen every Sunday so that everyone will be able to experience how to be a leader o There will be a conch ceremony while changing the group leader. The leader will wear the conch with its chain all week long. o The conch will be used by the leader to gather everyone, to quieten the group and to let somebody speak. o The conch symbolizes leadership and authority. The person who has it is different from the others. The leader with his conch has to organize all the stuff related to the island and people. MAP OF THE ISLAND Ways to get food & water * A group of 3 or 4 people will be fishing three times a week. The fisher group will be changed every week after the conch ceremony so that just one group of people won't be fed up with fishing during the life on island. Also, fishing group will be responsible for getting other types of seafood. * Water will be kept in holes which are covered with leaves and rocks -so that the water won't be absorbed- Purification tablets may be used . * The food will be cooked on fire made by using a magnifying glass. * Other kinds of food will be fruits and vegetables.(if possible) The fisher group will be responsible for hunting for the rest of the days (3-4 days per a week) Tools needed to build shelters A poncho Rope Stakes Knife The rules and rights of everyone & The consequences for breaking the rules * Everyone has to keep in mind that the person who doesn't respect somebody is not respected. * Whatever the leader says must be done * Everybody must do some work. All the members of the island has to participate in the life om island * If someone breaks one of the rules, he/she will be expelled from the group. So she/he has to survive on her/his own. * Signal fire must be kept burning all the time. * The person who looks after the fire must observe what goes around the island.

Changing Trends In Advertisement Strategies Of Virgin Atlantic Marketing Essay

Changing Trends In Advertisement Strategies Of Virgin Atlantic Marketing Essay The main aim of the research is to explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies and to evaluate the impact on customers in competitive market. Research Objective: To explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies of Virgin Atlantic To identify the key features in Virgin advertisements that attracts customers To explain the impact of changed advertisement strategies on customers preference Definition of Advertisement strategy: An advertising strategy is a campaign developed to communicate ideas about products and services to potential consumers in the hopes of convincing them to buy those products and services. Research Questions What are the current advertisement trends in airline industry? How does the advertisement strategy of Virgin Atlantic influence customer’s preference? Introduction: Background of research In this research, researcher is going to explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies of Virgin Atlantic Airways. Researcher wants to identify those key elements that influence customer’s attraction towards Virgin Atlantic Airways. Researcher will adopt different tools and techniques to gather primary information. Conceptual Framework: Definition:† A theoretical structure of assumptions, principles, and rules that holds together the ideas comprising a broad concept.† In this particular research; researcher explore the changing trends in advertisement of Virgin Atlantic and explain the impact on customer preference. The conceptual framework of this research is based on five different steps. In the first step researcher explains the aim and objective of the research. The first introduction step also contains the brief introduction of company. In second phase researcher critically evaluates the literature review related to his research .in this phase researcher studied different articles, journals to get the understanding of different thoughts and assumptions related to his research problem and the n end up with the conclusion. Third phase of this research paper is most significant because it explains the different methodologies and tools used by researcher to get his objective. In this step researcher describe his research methodology, strategy, philosophy, approach and data collection method for primary information. The forth phase of this research is data analysis. In this section researcher compiled the relevant information gathered from different respondents through questionnaire and then presented in the form of graphs And at the end researcher give conclusion and recommendation to support his research and then further explains the outcome. . Background of Virgin Atlantic: In early 80’s Randolph Fields gave idea to Richard Branson of starting Virgin Atlantic Airways. Virgin Atlantic Airways Original known as British Atlantic Airways, The first flight of Virgin Atlantic’s was from Gatwick to Newark on their only 747 on 22nd June 1984. Two years after their f irst flight to Newark, Virgin present a planned service to Miami in 1986, and later on with Orlando in 1988. By the end of the 1980’s, Virgin introduced new long haul flights to Tokyo, JFK and Los Angeles in May 1989 and August 1989 respectively. Virgin Atlantic’s is recognized by their innovative strategy, and the severe competition with BA on the transatlantic routes has pushed forward services unlike any other carriers in the world. Virgin was the first international passenger carrier to present personal in-flight entertainment systems in lower class, and then they have specify business class approaching it way beyond the expectations. Virgin Atlantic’s is always remain in media due to their innovative and appealing advertisements.

ISO 14000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ISO 14000 - Essay Example ISO 1400 series are grouped on the basis of two major categories; one is from the perspective of the organization, while the other focal point being product. A few of the standards from the 14000 series are: The ISO 14001 focuses on the specifications of the standards and the guidance for use. The ISO 14002 focuses on the principal systems and supporting techniques, the ISO 14011 has guidelines for the Environmental auditing procedures (Cheremisinoff, 2001). Following the ISO standards it helps the organizations to minimize the harmful or dangerous impact of the procedures that they are using for product manufacturing or service providing, and also the services and products will be produced with a more consistent quality. The standards compliance is an ongoing process; first the policy is created, then according to the policy, planning is done, the plans are then implemented, after the standards are put into practice there has to be a constant check and proper audit

Suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Suicide - Research Paper Example Sixty-seven percent of sample population (n=20) reported maximum suicide attempts among people in the age group of 15-25, 19% (n=5) was in the 25-35 range. Suicide attempts among the other age groups, i.e., 5-15 and above 35 was relatively low at 7% each. Secondly, almost half of the sample population reported maximum suicide attempts among females, at 47% (n=14), followed by men at 30% (n=9). About 17% of the psychiatrists reported equal number of suicide cases from both genders. Thirdly, about 53% (n=16) reported that their patients who had attempted suicide had used either pills or unspecified drugs as the method. About 27% (n=8) had attempted poisonous substances. However, there were cases using other methods of suicide attempts too. An assessment of reasons for committing suicide highlighted social pressures (30%) and failure in relationships (30%) as the most common ones. Other reasons like family and economic conditions were also reported. The most common impact of suicide attempts was greater depression, reported by almost 74% of the psychiatrists. This could probably be due to stigma and fear of facing the society and family members. Fear and avenging behavior have also been noticed. Increased attachment towards family was reported by few psychiatrists. The outcome of the survey pointed that depression leading to suicide was more common among adolescent females. This survey indicates that suicides attempts were reported maximum among the girls between the age group of 15-25 years, as this is the age where female face a lot of problems and pressure from school, university, their economic condition, love failures or their general hormonal changes, and even sexual harassments. Reasons for attempts of suicide can be attributed to their level of maturity and ability to handle their own growing emotions towards new relationships. Clash of sociocultural expectations and adolescent

RELATIONSHIPS & CULTURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

RELATIONSHIPS & CULTURE - Essay Example Cultural distance and differences are widely used constructs in making international business relating to expansion of foreign investments, entry mode choice, and performance of affiliates (Shenkar, 2001). Likewise, relationship marketing emphasises on customer retention and satisfaction instead of focusing dominantly on transactions and sales. It is said that an organisation needs to improve its level of competitiveness in a globalised market in order to survive the competition if not to dominate it, and marketing tactics help tremendously in achieving this endeavor. Literatures say that among these tactics is the employment of relationship marketing that aids the firm to market internationally its product or service. A firm's external operations entail an understanding of how cultural differences affect international marketing decisions. This understanding can be utilised in predicting strategic movements and responses of competitors and thus enables the firm to design effective competitive strategies. International sales negotiations are the primary focal point of this understanding (Tse, et al., 1988, p. 81). The internal conduct of multinational firms also needs knowledge of the impact of culture on marketing decisions. ... For organisations with diverse cultural backgrounds, the interpretation of cues for standard operating procedures may vary because of these cultural backgrounds, imploring the need to understand cultural differences in international marketing. Another reason as to why a good understanding of cultural differences is important in international marketing is because this knowledge of cultural influences permits the firms to adapt to such differences, enabling it to reduce the so called 'noisy communications" as well as eliminate errors in decision-making. These are said to occur likely out of lack of common understanding, which stems from lack of understanding of cultural differences (Montgomery and Weinberg, 1979 in Tse, et al., 1988, p. 81). It is already a given knowledge that in the past, especially prior to the globalised era, Western managerial culture dominated multinational firms. However, this trail has changed a long way as shown by the recent trends' increase in international trade and foreign direct investment of Asian multinational firms and North American subsidiaries that operate in Asian countries. This implies furtherance of salient understanding of cultural impact on an organisation's internal operations (Tse , et al., 1988). This emphasis on cultural differences is exemplified by the case of China's businesses, which experience isolation from contacts with international markets for many years. Thus, their marketing decision processes have relatively represented pure form of cultural influence on business behavior caused by cultural impacts. It is suggested that an Oriental business community with strong and continuous interaction with the Western businesses is what

Effectivess of Foreign Aid as a Form of Multinational Financial Essay

Effectivess of Foreign Aid as a Form of Multinational Financial Assistanse - Essay Example This paper presents comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the financial aid as a form of foreign assistance to the economy of a recipient country. As a condition for aid money, many donors apply conditions that tie the recipient to purchase products only from that donor. In a way this might seem fair and â€Å"balanced†, because the donor gets something out of the relationship as well, but on the other hand, for the poorer country, it can mean precious resources are used buying more expensive options, which could otherwise have been used in other situations. A country from the third world that feels difficulties with its budget may turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank or one of the Major Developed Countries (MDCs) for assistance. Since such assistance is usually given on some condition, it involves agreement to modify domestic economic policy.In this case creditor country (or organization) restricts free trade with protectionism in which barriers to imports (tariffs and quotas) are established in order to protect their industries from foreign competition. Government regulations also protect the environment, agriculture and workers of the donor country or organization. It was reported, that 71.6% of American bilateral aid commitments were tied to the purchase of goods and services from the US.† That is, where the US did give aid, it was most often tied to foreign policy objectives that would help the US. The origins of the foreign aid policies of the industrialized democracies are complex and varied. ... In the Reality of Aid 2000 (Earthscan Publications, 2000 cited in Shah 2006) reported in their US section that "71.6% of its bilateral aid commitments were tied to the purchase of goods and services from the US." That is, where the US did give aid, it was most often tied to foreign policy objectives that would help the US. Leading up to the UN Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico in March 2002, the Bush administration promised a nearly $10 billion fund over three years followed by a permanent increase of $5 billion a year thereafter. The EU also offered some $5 billion increase over a similar time period. History of Foreign Aid Countries of Latin America The Worlds debt crisis of the early 1980's was the culmination of a build up of external debt of developing countries, a large part of which was accounted by a progressively rising short-term debt. The debt of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) was triggered largely by demands from the balance of payments effects of the oil crisis that started in 1973/74. The debt build up became more apparent towards 1980 when third world borrowers resorted to rolling over their debts. (Stambuli 2002) A combination of very tight internal fiscal position and increasingly fragile balance of payments, most developing countries contracted new loans to liquidate maturing loans. In some cases, entirely new loans were contracted to service interest only. At the same time bankers in the western world ignored signals of an imminent debt crisis and remained more than willing to refinance maturing loans of developing countries, but with shorter maturities. In this process, third

Theory of contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Theory of contract law - Essay Example The primary object of courts while construction of a contract is to determine and give effect to the intention of the parties. This fact is elucidated by the eminent judges such as Chief Justice Brian in 1478 held 'that the intention of a man cannot be tried, for the Devil himself knows not the intent of a man'1. And nineteenth century judges such as Lord Eldon who in kennedy v Lee said that it was not the task of his 'to see that both parties really meant the same thing, but only that both gave their assent to that proposition which, be it what it may, defacto arises out the terms of their corresondence.2 And Austin said that 'when we speak of the intention of contracting parties, we mean the intention of the promissor or the intention of the promisee' and he also added that 'the sense in which it is to be inferred from the words used or from the transaction or from both that the one party gave and the other received it'3.Before essaying the subject it is significant to discuss conc isely on other prime factors of a valid contract to which intention of the parties is related to, such as Offer and acceptance and consideration.Offer: Consensus ad idem is the maxim on the offer and acceptance, which means meeting of minds. A contract is made out of an agreement and an agreement is made out of offer and acceptance that means in an agreement one party makes an offer and the other party accepts it. An offer may be an advertisement or a definite offer either to a particular person or to public at large. The law is settled in this respect in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co4 in which the company made an offer through an advertisement offering 100 to any person who is affected with influenza after using smoke balls. The plaintiff Carlill has claimed for 100 from the company since she was effected influenza. The company defended that (i) the transaction was only a bet with in the meaning of gaming acts (ii) the advertisement was not intended to create a binding obligatio n (iii) there was no offer to any particular person (iv) no acceptance is notified by the plaintiff. The court of appeal has rejected the grounds taken by the defendant and allowed in favour of the plaintiff. The court while allowing held that there was an offer to the world at large, an offer can be made to the world at large and it also held that by making an offer to the world a contract is made with a limited parties who perform the conditions. Here we can observe that the intention of the advertisement was with an intention to create a legal obligation that is the reason the court has come to a conclusion of existence contract. Offer and an invitation to treat - Intention: The law of contract makes a distinction between offer and an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat does not make a binding contract. When a person responds to an invitation to treat makes an offer. The courts have made distinction between offer and an invitation to treat in auction sale and advertisements. In offer the intention of the parties to create legal obligation where as the in invitation to treat this intention to create legal obligation is premature. Harris v Nickerson5 In this case it was held that an advertisement specifying that goods will be sold by auction do not constitute a promise or offer. It is settled law that an advertisement without further qualification is not an offer to sell the goods but it is only an invitation to treat. The court observed the fact that the intention of the party making an advertisement is to receive the offers from the willing parties and he would select the best offer and intends to withdraw his invitation if he is not receiving the offer he is anticipating or he could accept, therefore there is no legal relationship exists at that particular point of time. The distinction between the offer and invitation to treat was clearly illustrated in Gibson v Manchester City of Council6. Acceptance: When one person makes an offer and such offer is accepted then becomes an agreement. Acceptance is an