Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1589 Words

Men and Women who served for their country should be given all respect and care when they return home. Veterans come home with injuries that can affect them from living a healthy comfortable life. Their injuries can be from physical to mental injuries like PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) from combat. Veterans who come home with these injuries should be provided, by the government, health care where they can live an enjoyable life. Having veterans take an alternative rout like qualifying for medicade could help a lot of these people struggling. Many of these veterans are also homeless and need help finding jobs. Government programs could be put in place that could help find jobs for the veterans. Veterans should be able to come home and life a healthy happy life where they can contribute back to there societies. Governments should provide for the needs of the veterans to keep them healthy and supply them with jobs so they have food, clothes, and shelter. Veterans who come back from serving overseas are coming home with injuries that they cannot afford to get treated. Even today there are a large number of veterans that have been out of the service for many decades that can t afford their own health care or even provide new clothes and shelter for themselves. According to a research done by gathering information from Current Populations Surveys and the National Health Interview Survey from 1988 to 2005 they found that Nearly 1.8 million veterans were uninsured and notShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1241 Words   |  5 Pages Stanley Health April 14, 2014 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post traumatic stressed disorder is a mental illness caused by an enormous amount of anxiety felt after a traumatic or life-threatening accident or event. This event causes intense feelings of fear and helplessness. Studies have shown that about 5 to 6 million people suffer from PTSD. (Thomas ) About 30% of those people are war veterans. Most war veterans who have served for our country who have PTSD from the war are homeless. About

Divorce And Its Effect On Society - 1018 Words

Divorce â€Å"Until death do us part† is one of the most frequently used phrases within marriage vows. But let’s face it, â€Å"Until divorce do us part† is probably more accurate considering the fact that about one in three marriages end in divorce within ten years (Brower). Nowadays, divorce defines and impacts our era in ways people do not even realize. Divorce is extremely common in the United States, the reasons for divorce have been modified, and the children of divorced parents are feeling the effects. In the mid-1900s, divorce was almost unheard of. Even as recently as the 1970’s, the word ‘divorce’ was frowned upon and simply seen as an insignificant crisis that would resolve itself shortly. Children of the divorced parents may have trouble falling asleep or may begin to stumble through school, but they will adjust to the situation. Men and women could become depressed, throw themselves into sexual affairs, or immerse themselves in work. But each of these reactions was simply part of the process (Wallerstein). After a year or so, it was expected that everyone would have their lives back on track - at least on the surface. Parents and children would pick up new routines and perhaps make new friends or move to a new school; they would take advantage of the opportunities and second chances that divorce brings. However, this theory of recovery was merely wishful thinking (Wallerstein). Today, shocking statistics show about half of all marriages in the Unite d States areShow MoreRelatedDivorce And Its Effect On Society Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesHalf of all marriages end in divorce. That means that between a person and their closest friend, one of them is likely to get a divorce (Stanton 3). That’s a shocking and scary statistic since divorce is so unhealthy for everyone involved. Sociology’s view, religion’s view, and even the effect of psychology all point to one end, divorce is not beneficial. Divorce is a topic that has been widely silenced because it has rocked so many people’s lives. A 50 percent divorce rate is a huge increase of whatRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Society1019 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce has been on a rise in America since the past thirty years. Almost every person might be having a divorced member in its family. Divorce has been reported to be the major cause of suicide as well. Many factors lead to divorce, some of which are online dating, financial problems and physical abuse. In the ancient Roman Republic, a simple statement for divorce was sufficient for the dissolution of a marriage. Some local Church councils even had the equivalent of no-fault divorce, in whichRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Society Essay2647 Words   |  11 PagesDivorce. How can that one word bring up such a wide range of emotions? That simple word to some may bring feelings of shame and disgust, while to others it can represent a fresh start and safety from a bad situation. While it would be easy to look at this topic and simply say that it is right or wrong all across the board, it feels inadequate. Every divorce is unique and specific to those within that relationship and could be caused by an array of reasons, so to offer a blanket statement felt insufficientRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Our Society1034 Words   |  5 Pageswith over 1.2 million divorces (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). Divorce is not limited to breaking apart the husband and wif e; it destroys families, siblings and the future of the American children. Divorces cause money, crime and education issues and an overall effect on the children caught in the middle, which follows them into their adult life. A $1,000 of taxpayer’s money is spent dealing with the consequences of broken families (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). The amount of moneyRead MorePreventing Divorce And Its Effects On Society3587 Words   |  15 PagesPreventing Divorce In society today, there are many issues we face without any direction. Divorce is a leading problem that impacts families and communities around the world. In the United States, a divorce occurs every 30 seconds, and this is expected to increase over time. What if there was a way to prevent these rates, or even stop them from happening? What we know, is that divorce is very problematic; however, brushing up on its history, focusing on the present state, and learning how it hasRead MoreDivorce Rates And Its Effect On Society2158 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the past several decades, living together before marriage has become normal amongst couples. Divorce rates have drastically increased and marriage has been redefined. Analysis from studies and reliable sources expose this issue and the importance for it to be addressed. Society today is fast paced and self-rewarding, therefore the majority of people have decided to rush into major relationships, which can have immense consequen ces. This should no longer be a standard, rather we shouldRead MoreEffects of Divorce on Society Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesIncreased youth crime rate is caused largely by absent fathers as a result of divorce made too easy. Consider this chilling forecast. When we pass the year 2000, we will see two groups of working age adults emerging. One group will have received psychological, social, economic, educational and moral benefits and the other group will have been denied them all. The first group will have grown up with a father present in the house and the second group will have not had a father present. The groups willRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Divorce in American Culture1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently deva stating the lives of many American children. More often than not people decide to get a divorce before they really think about the effects of divorce. People usually decide to get a divorce based on emotion rather than logic whichRead MoreEssay about How Divorce is Affecting the American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. There are many areas in which divorce has a negative effect in the life of a child or an adult. Many of these effects also directly correlate to the effect on a society. HoweverRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 PagesSociety is constantly changing. We are able to visualize these changes year after year by way of statistics. This allows us to be able to use these values to qualitatively analyze correlation, causation, and effect. One topic that has benefited from the use of statistics to measure its effects is divorce. Divorce is defined as the legal process of dissolving a marriage, thus separating two individuals (Merriam). From generation to generation, divorce has been on a steady increase. The annual rate

Importance of Medicines

Question: Write an essay on Importance of Medicines. Answer: The Doctors Without Border or the Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is a humanitarian and international body that delivers medicines to people who are affected by epidemics, conflicts or armed force, on an emergency basis. They provide services to more than 70 countries all over the world, especially at the time of emergencies. They started an international campaign against HIV in the year 200 by giving medicines to people who are inflicted with HIV. They spread their work in more than 23 countries all over the world. MSF relies on a generic drug for the treatment and cure of people who are inflicted with malaria or tuberculosis. The MSF was the first international organization that was concerned with the implications of the demands that United States were making in the TPP negotiations. This was the first body that opposed to the TPP knowing the implications it would have on the overall price rate of medicines. Expansion of TPP across the Nation: The United States, Japan, and ten other countries that reached a consensus on the TPP had recently come together to discuss the spread of TPP across nations. The countries have met several times to increase their influences by adding countries such as Korea and Taiwan into their league. The main aim of TPP was to ensure participation of all the other countries by signing the agreement. The several meetings of TPP were aimed at bringing about more and more countries together for signing the provisions contained in the TPP. South Korea and Taiwan, with an interest in joining the treaty, have started their negotiations with other members. As far as Japan is concerned, the main issue that Japan has regards their electronics and automobiles. Amongst the Asian countries, those who have expressed their willingness in joining TPP are Thailand, Philippines, and Indonesia. Lowering barriers to trade gives a kick start to industries who have invested a great deal of money in starting their busi ness. The investors prefer risking huge amount of capital for the growth of their business in the field of intellectual property rights, for example, the pharmaceutical industry. A regional free trade agreement will help in widening the market and this, in turn, would increase the capital investments and create employment. Patients and consumers will also be subject to gain. Jobs all over the world are increasing with the increase of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The importance of business and a good intellectual property protection shall is important for the contribution towards the world economy and this it is important to obtain the details of the TPP. In Europe, the field of biomedical innovation had taken place once. However, the innovation dried and it reached to America. Since then a good protection over the intellectual property innovation has led to the growth and development of business in the field of intellectual property rights. However, not every nation is as firmly committed towards the formation of TPP agreements as some countries, especially the developing countries have a belief that it shall lead to the increase in the cost of medicines. The main aim of TPP is to include the involvement of as many countries as possible. China is yet to become a member of the TPP agreement and so America should remain firm in its position by allowing more and more people to be a part of the TPP agreement. Secret Negotiations: The MSF has opposed the secrecy of discussions that were being conducted by the TPP. The main opposition was from the stakeholders, civil society and MSF and these organizations relied on the texts that were leaked by the TPP negotiations. The closet door negotiations of the TPP sessions have gone through many criticisms from some of the members of the U.S Congress, consumer members and advocates of public health. These groups have requested the administration of U.S to increase transparency through the negotiations of US and have required for making the texts and positions related to the agreement public. The countries have declared that the trade negotiations were conducted in private, and this was a part of gambling process. The opponents of TPP have argued that since the negotiations took place in private the negotiators could not do the job properly and efficiently. The negotiators of the TPP have held that if too much information is leaked out, then they might not be able to ac hieve the aim for which the agreement was made. Traditionally, two arguments are held about the negotiations of TPP, firstly, that it was a secret negotiation that had taken place between business people and secondly that it was retrained to only those countries that had much knowledge about the expansion of business in the field of pharmaceuticals. The data were known to people, and the background of each country was also known to people hence, the negotiations were kept secretive so that the implementations of such negotiations become easy to carry out. Such tactics have less likelihood of becoming successful and especially when developed countries are involved. However, there is an argument that is in support of the trade negotiations that were held in public. It was said that if the trade negotiations did not take place in public then the deal would have fallen apart. Since people are arguing about the deal that was held in private, it means that the negotiations were not succes sful in keeping it away from examination and investigation. The demands and its effect on the price of medicines: Biologics mean treatments that are introduced using biological sources. The biological sources mean and include proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and antitoxins. These sources can be used for the treatment of diseases ranging from cancer to Ebola. As per the sayings of Brooking Institution, biologics are much more structurally complex than the regular drugs and are more complex and difficult to make. A biologic medicine, on an average, costs 22 times more than a nonbiologic medicine. It is because of such high prices of biologic medicines. Companies aim for manufacturing similar copies of such drugs so that they are available at a lower price for those who cannot afford it. The companies tried to solve the problem related to the cost of biologic medicines by making similar versions of such drugs that shall be available at a lower price. This shall be similar to the generic version of drugs. However, it was seen that the United States was protective about this, and they wished to paten t the inventions that were made in the field of biologics, thus increasing the overall price of the medicines. Societies have suffered a lot at the cost of long-term innovations for short term expenses. This is called "monopoly pricing." The costs are estimated according to the amount that is spent on the treatment of people. The expenses that are incurred on people are spent based on the disease that people have gone through. For example, to cure the last stage of cancer shall be more expensive to cure the first stage of cancer. The cost is calculated based on the amount that is spent on the innovation of the drug used to cure cancer. People obtain patents over the drugs that were made for the treatment of cancer, and this makes the price of the cancer medicine high. Infrastructure capacity and fair distribution of work also contribute to the increasing of the cost of medications. The medicines are made costly, and the third world countries do not have access to those medicines or drugs. In the developing countries, enough resources are not available that will help in the distribution of medicines and health care. The reason behind this is that countries do not have sufficient capital that shall help in the growth and support of medicines and health care. Thus, the people who are the part of the developing countries have to incur the heavy prices of medicines and drugs. This has resulted in about 20 million deaths per year and about 55 persons on a daily basis. Before the TRIPS had come into existence, the states could formulate their laws relating to intellectual property. However, later on with formation of TPP states were bound to follow the universal laws that existed for the protection of intellectual property rights. The developing nations were never in support for granting patent protection over pharmaceutical and drugs and the reason behind this is that the developing nation knew that this would increase the cost of medicines and decrease the accessib ility of medicines. Compliance with the TRIPS Agreement can prove to be fatal for the developing nations as this would increase the cost of medicines and people would be seen dying at an alarming rate. Hence, with the formation of TPP and TRIPS the developing nations are worried about the accessibility and cost of medicines as they are the ones who are the most vulnerable to diseases and require easy access to medicines. The Role of Intellectual Property in blocking Access to Affordable Medicines: Before the World Trade Organization had come into force, countries had the authority to shape their intellectual property rights as per which they could not grant patents over pharmaceuticals. The laws in other countries related to intellectual property rights were flexible, and they did not protect the medicines that were made for the treatment of people. It was for this reason that there was a price hike in the medicines, and the common people could not afford the high price of the medicines. The patent system in medicines is a very old concept, and this has become the most controversial topic in the recent years. Intellectual Property means the grant of lawful orders to give biased rights to the creators of invaluable assets. The asset may be in two forms, literary or artistic or inventions or signs. Hence, the aim of seeking protection over intellectual property rights is to secure the inventions that people make. Copyright provides protection to idea and imagination. It provides protection to aesthetically pleasing ideas. However, copyright does not provide protection to ideas it provides protection to the appearance of ideas. Protection of industry property means protection that is granted over designs and signs that have the capability of being used in the industrial field. Examples of industrial property include trade name, trademark, and unique signs. Hence, the main focus of patent is to provide protection for innovations and inventions over which humans have used their intellect. An idea helps in solving problems that are related to technical issues. Patents are the grant of exclusive rights for the protection of innovations that people have made. The patents have originated firsts in the Venetian Decree in the year 1474. The protection that is provided by the patent is given for a restricted period and to the special use of the innovation. The word "use" means the right of the innovator to exploit, sells, or prohibit third parties from using the inn ovation without their permission. Patent law is an outcome of industrial and technical needs. In Europe, the patent law was started for internationalizing local industries. The technological development in a country is a proof of the fact that patent law is an innovation of the past and it has helped in the growth of technological industry. Countries had the liberty for formulating their own patent law depending on the growth and success of the country. Countries have made patent laws that shall help them in the evolution of their technological needs. It has however become an accepted fact that the grant of special rights over innovation leads to better economic growth of the country, however, this leads to destruction of lives of the people. This is the cost people have to pay for protection of innovation made in the pharmaceutical industry. The patent rights may be therefore termed as monopoly. One thing that is acknowledgeable is the economic effects of the TPP. In fact, the most discussed feature that is talked about since the establishment of TPP is the effect of the prices it shall have. It was for this reason why data protection over biotic drugs had become one of the most debated topics in the recent. Data protection over biotic drugs was in focus for many reasons. Firstly, it talks about matters that are sensitive to human life. Secondly, the medicine industry depends on a great deal on costly research for the innovation of new products. This is doubled with the notion that chemical goods are not easy to duplicate. The popular instance of Martin Shkreli demonstrates to us how the present control frameworks drive disparity between protected innovation rights and right to wellbeing. Martin Shkreli, is the organizer of Turing Pharmaceutical. He was effective in getting rights to Daraprim, a 62 years of age nonexclusive medication utilized generally to cure, jungle fever, toxoplasmosis and AIDS. In the wake of getting the right, he expanded the cost per measurements from $13.50 to $750. Shrekli defended this expansion in rate by saying that individuals don't pay for medicines of the medication. Martin advocated this by just expressing, "I am an entrepreneur." He advance expressed that he has done this to make an enormous pharmaceutical organization. Daraprim is a non-specific, implying that the patent right over that specific medication is finished and now is accessible in the general population area for use. Shrekli burned through $55 million to get the privilege to offer Dara prim. He secured this assent from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For the most part getting the FDA endorsement is a moderate procedure, particularly in situations when the FDA turns out to be certain of the way that there are odds of acquiring duplicates of the same pharmaceutical. Shrekli turned out to be certain that there are no comparative duplicates of the Daraprim in the pipeline and that he could secure restraining infrastructure over the medication called "Dara prim." On account of Pfizer Inc v. Universe Limited, the Court held that there was no affirmation that the patent had fizzled and that the reestablishment did not go before. The patent was an enrolled patent and the Kenyan Government conceded insurance. Universe raised a substitute protection that it held the power to offer, promote, exchange or send to another country the item with the consent of Pfizer. The authorization was conceded under segment 58 (2) of the "Mechanical Property Act." Universe further expressed that the protected item was effectively accessible in Kenya that it was foreign made from India, China, and Bangladesh. In this manner, the item over which Pfizer needed insurance was at that point accessible in the general population space for open use. The Impact of TRIPS: The effect of patenting pharmaceutical products on access to medicines in the developing countries is very recent, and many of the developing nations have disliked the idea of patenting medicines and the process of patenting medicines By restricting the grant of using drugs to the public, a monopoly power is created that allows the blocking of price possible and this, in turn, raises the prices of medicines. Evident have shown that the effect of TRIPS and patenting of pharmaceutical products have restricted promotion of innovation in the field of pharmaceuticals. Recommendations and Conclusion: There is a need to review the existing policies that exist in the area of pharmaceutical industry, for the protection and decrease in the price hike of medicines. The TPP would give large pharmaceutical firms new rights and powers to build medication costs and point of confinement buyers' entrance to less expensive nonexclusive medicines. This would incorporate augmentations of restraining infrastructure drug licenses that would permit drug organizations to raise costs for more meds and even allow syndication rights over surgical methodology. For individuals in the creating nations required in TPP, these guidelines could be fatal-denying buyers access to HIV-AIDS, tuberculosis and tumor drugs. TPP would engage outside pharmaceutical partnerships to specifically assault our household patent and medication evaluating laws in foreign tribunals. Officially under NAFTA, which does not contain the new guidelines proposed for TPP, sedate firm Eli Lilly has dispatched such a body of evidence against Canada, requesting $100 million for the administration's requirement of its patent measures. The TPP would likewise enable outside partnerships to straightforwardly challenge local toxics, zoning, cigarette and liquor and other general wellbeing and ecological arrangements to request citizen remuneration for any such approaches that undermine their normal future benefits. Regularly activities to enhance such laws are chilled by the negligible recording of such a "financial specialist state" case. In different occasions, nations take out the assaulted strategies. For example Canada lifted a prohibition on a gas added substance officially banned in the U.S. as a suspected cancer-causing agent after a financial specialist assault by Ethyl Corporation under NAFTA. It likewise paid the firm $13 million and distributed a formal proclamation that the compound was not unsafe. References: Aitken, Murray L., et al.The regulation of prescription drug competition and market responses: patterns in prices and sales following loss of exclusivity. No. w19487. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2013. Baker, Brook K. "Trans-Pacific Partnership Provisions in Intellectual Property, Transparency, and Investment Chapters Threaten Access to Medicines in the US and Elsewhere."PLoS Med13.3 (2016): e1001970. Branstetter, Lee. "TPP and the Conflict over Drugs: Incentives for Innovation versus Access to Medicines."Assessing the Trans-Pacific Partnership(2016): 20. Burrows, Jeremy N., et al. "Designing the next generation of medicines for malaria control and eradication."Malar J12.187 (2013): 10-1186. Das, Abhijit. "India and the Shadow of the Trans-Pacific Partnership."Economic and Political Weekly50.45 (2015): 14-18. Gleeson, Deborah Helen, et al. "How the transnational pharmaceutical industry pursues its interests through international trade and investment agreements: a case study of the Trans Pacific Partnership."Handbook of Research on Transnational Corporations, Alice De Jonge and Roman Tomasic (eds), Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.(forthcoming)(2015). Gleeson, Deborah, Ruth Lopert, and Papaarangi Reid. "How the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement could undermine PHARMAC and threaten access to affordable medicines and health equity in New Zealand."Health Policy112.3 (2013): 227-233. Gleeson, Deborah. "Medicines and the Trans Pacific Partnership." (2013). Hassali, Mohamed Azmi, et al. "TRIPS, Free trade agreements and the pharmaceutical industry in Malaysia."The new political economy of pharmaceuticals: production, innovation and TRIPS in the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke(2013): 152-66. Hirono, Katherine, et al. "Is health impact assessment useful in the context of trade negotiations? A case study of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement."BMJ open6.4 (2016): e010339. Houston, Jessica. "The TPP is bad for health."Lamp, The73.2 (2016): 28. Jairath, Kieran, Michael Johnstone, and Kate Moore. "The trans pacific partnership."Chain Reaction124 (2015): 22. Kapczynski, Amy. "The Trans-Pacific PartnershipIs It Bad for Your Health?."New England Journal of Medicine373.3 (2015): 201-203. Kapczynski, Amy. "The Trans-Pacific PartnershipIs It Bad for Your Health?."New England Journal of Medicine373.3 (2015): 201-203. Linh, Nguyen Nhat, Nguyen Thanh Huong, and Hua Thanh Thuy. "Evolving trade policy and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: Does it threaten Vietnam's access to medicine and its progress towards scaling up HIV prevention, treatment and care?."Global public health10.sup1 (2015): S149-S160. Lopert, Ruth, and Deborah Gleeson. "The high price of free trade: US trade agreements and access to medicines."The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics41.1 (2013): 199-223. Lybecker, Kristina M. "Intellectual Property Protection for Biologics: Why the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Trade Agreement Fails to Deliver i."Journal of Commercial Biotechnology22.1 (2016). McCall, Chris. "Trans-Pacific trade pact triggers fears over drug prices."The Lancet385.9986 (2015): 2450-2451. Neuwelt, Pat M., Deborah Gleeson, and Briar Mannering. "Patently obvious: a public health analysis of pharmaceutical industry statements on the Trans-Pacific Partnership international trade agreement."Critical Public Health(2015): 1-14. Nguyen, Thanh. "Vietnam in the TPP Negotiations and Challenges it May Face."Available at SSRN 2515161(2014). Ribeiro, Helena. "Free-trade agreements: challenges for global health."Revista de saude publica49 (2015): 1-4. Rimmer, Matthew. "Turing and the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Intellectual Property, Public Health, and Access to Essential Medicines."CEDA, Committee for the Economic Development of Australia(2015). Roden, Duncan. "TPP would hurt public health in Australia." (2015): 13. Rollins, Adrian. "Looming trade deal could be health hazard: AMA." (2014): 12. Stiglitz, Joseph. "On the wrong side of globalization."The New York Times15 (2014). White, Ian. "Stuart Malawer International Trade Relations April 29, 2014." (2014).

Safety Engineering

Introduction Some fundamentals of safety engineering When speaking about safety engineering, I would like to consider some fundamentals of the so-called requirements engineering. First of all, I would like to point out that RE is considered to be a collection of the tasks, which are to be done in an ongoing manner. It should be pointed out that because of poor requirements some problems appear.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, ambiguous requirements are related to safety issues. For instance, when speaking about safe systems, it is necessary to clarify how safe the system should be or in what way the system should be safe. When speaking about safety engineering, one is to keep in mind the definition of the term. Thus, safety engineering is considered to be â€Å"the engineering discipline within systems engineering that lowers the risk of accidental h arm to valuable assets to an acceptable level to legitimate stakeholders† (Firesmith 22). Basic safety concepts include safety mechanisms, certain goals and policies, safety risks, hazards, safety events, accidental harm, valuable assets, safety quality subfactors and safety as a quality factor. So, let’s consider the last safety concept in detail. First of all, one is to keep in mind that safety captures the degree to which safety risks can be lowered; hazards can be mitigated; accidents and incidents can be avoided (or at least when the consequences of hazardous events can be limited or mitigated). The corresponding safety subfactors include safety problem type and safety solution type. The fist category (safety problem type) consists of accidental harm, safety event, hazards, and safety risk. Safety solution type includes prevention, detection, reaction and adaptation. So, safety problem type and safety solution type form the so-called safety subfactors. When speakin g about certain negative consequences safety measures are related to, there is a need to highlight the meaning of harm. So, the harm is recognized as to be any major (important) negative result to a valuable asset. Accidental harm is â€Å"any unauthorized unintentional (i.e., non-malicious) harm (i.e., due to an accident)† (Firesmith 27). Harm severity allows us to understand the amount of harm. Such categorization can be clearly identified or, on the contrary, unambiguously. Harm severity categories may include catastrophic conditions, severe-major conditions, major conditions, minor conditions, and no-effect conditions.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Safety-related events include an accident trigger, a harm event, and a hazardous event. Safety hazards include danger, hazard, and threat. Safety goals seem to be the desires concerning safety conditions. The following statem ents are related to safety desires: no serious accidents must occur; the system, the equipment, etc. is to be safe; however, the peculiarity of safety goals is that they are considered to be unrealistic. In other words, it is impossible to guarantee that no serious accidents can be. On the other hand, it is also necessary to understand that goals can’t be compared with the requirements. Generally, â€Å"a major problem is safety goals that are specified as if they were verifiable requirements† (Firesmith 46). Safety policy gives us an opportunity to achieve various safety goals. In most cases, safety policies are mostly associated with safety requirements; however, the difference between these two notions is substantial. Safety-related requirements include safety constraints, safety-significant requirements, safety subsystem requirements, and safety requirements. The importance of safety culture and management To achieve safety goals, any organization is to be familiar with safety culture. So, what is the safety culture? A culture is a shared set of norms and values, a way of looking at and interpreting the world and events around us (our mental model) and taking action in a social context. Safety culture is the subset of culture that reflects the general attitude and approaches to safety and risk management (Leveson 245). In Tulsa University, there is no lack of clear safety policies and programs for the students and the university in general. Of course, this situation doesn’t put the lives of students, staff, and the whole of the university community at considerable risk; however, there are no major subjects or courses, which discuss the aspects of safety engineering. Leveson states that safety culture seems to be the subset of â€Å"an organizational or industry culture that reflects the general attitude and approaches to safety and risk management. It is important to note that trying to change culture without changing the environment in which it is embedded is doomed to failure† (p. 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since we already know the importance of safety engineering and that it shows up in every other field, for example, mechanical, chemical and electrical engineering, you still can not study safety engineering in Tulsa University, because it is not available, as a major subject to study, even with knowing how important and popular this major is becoming. Safety engineering is really the important science as it gives the students the opportunity to learn the fundamentals of safety regulations. For instance, the students could learn the basic first-aid measures in a case of various accidents. While studying safety engineering, the students could become familiar with general safety regulations to ensure the safety of people. For instance, everybody knows that â€Å"Fire, open lights, and smoking are forbidden in specially posted areas. In addition, smoking is forbidden in all forest areas and in areas where unsealed radioactive substances are handled† (â€Å"General Safety Regulations,† 4). The students could study in details not only the basic regulations, but they could realize the importance of safety engineering when studying the major properly. Safety engineering gives the students an opportunity to enlarge their knowledge concerning safety. For instance, the students could learn that devices and equipment of IT â€Å"may be put into operation by authorized persons only. It is the responsibility of each organizational unit to specify regulations for admittance and for their use and to control the observance of the regulations† (â€Å"General Safety Regulations,† 4). Still, when speaking about a strong safety culture, there is a need to disclose the role of the organizational structure. So, some safety groups in Tulsa Univ ersity must be created. The formal safety roles are to be distributed among executives. On the other hand, organizational subsystems are also to be created. So, safety engineering must be based on â€Å"safety information systems to support planning, analysis and decision making; reward and reinforcement systems; selection and retention systems that promote safety knowledge, skills, and ability; learning and feedback systems from incidents, operational anomalies, and other aspects of operational experience† (Leveson 246). Certain procedures, which are related to the above-mentioned statement, are to be considered in detail. Of course, these procedures are significant, when discussing safety concerns. While speaking about the safety information system, I have to point out that communication channels are also extremely important. By the way, these channels can be formal or informal.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The so-called reinforcement systems can help the executives to avoid conflicting incentives. â€Å"Selection and retention systems are relevant to safety with respect to the skill sets and mindsets that are emphasized in hiring† (Leveson 246). I suppose that safety engineering must also include social interaction processes. In other words, the students should study the basic principles of problem-solving and decision-making in respect of safety. They say that, â€Å"problem solving after incidents and operational anomalies is an important component of the safety culture, particularly as it relates to identifying and eliminating root causes rather than merely the symptoms of the deeper problems† (Leveson 246). Individual motivation seems to be an integral part of safety engineering, as it covers numerous factors including uncertainty in facing safety concerns. Of course, the most important points of safety engineering are considered to be safety rules. When speaking abo ut safety activities, one is to keep in mind their basic principles. Thus, system safety should influence decision making; direct communication channels are to be developed. The students must understand that â€Å"safety concerns span the life cycle and safety should be involved in just about every aspect of development and operations. Safety concerns are an integral part of most engineering activities† (Leveson 247). Thus, the importance of implementing the special courses and programs of safety engineering in Tulsa University also depends on the fact that the knowledge on the principles of safety engineering is required for providing the design and maintenance of the system engineering. Moreover, the students should know and understand all the basic principles of the operation and management of the systems and the necessary equipment. It is impossible to provide the effective practice as an engineer without deepening the knowledge on safety engineering. Furthermore, those s tudents who want to become specialists in this sphere should also have the opportunity to realize such intentions in Tulsa University. Safety engineering course or the major is necessary for the students to contribute to their future professional development, to their understanding the principles of the safety risk management and knowing the ways of solving its challenges with references to the knowledge on hazard identification, hazard assessment, and its further reduction. It is important to develop the course for the future engineering managers and practitioners where they could consult professionals in relation to the most significant questions and issues of this scientific field. It is necessary to have the opportunity not only to receive the basic knowledge on the principles of safety engineering but also focus on this problem in detail and to have a chance to get the specific qualification. According to these requirements, the course in safety engineering should be organized in such a way to provide the complex analysis of the issues of hazard identification, risk reduction, and safety management. It is possible to realize with references to definite case studies as the examples of the accidents and incidents. It is also important for students to discuss the peculiarities of the specific terminology, necessary standards, and paradigms in safety engineering in the context of the separate course or program the completion of which could give the students more opportunities. Conclusion Generally, safety engineering processes must be consistent, performed collaboratively and properly interwoven. On the other hand, safety engineering requires appropriate expertise, tools, special techniques, innovative methods, and concepts. In my opinion, the students in the universities should also study basic systems engineering activities, because â€Å"system safety should be treated as an integral component of systems engineering, as is common in the defense industryâ €  (Leveson 49). Works Cited Firesmith, Donald. Engineering Safety-Related Requirements for Software-Intensive Systems. 2005. Web. General Safety Regulations 2005. Web. http://www.knmf.kit.edu/img/KNMF_Safety_Regulations.pdf. Leveson, Nancy. System Safety Engineering: Back to The Future. 2002. Web. http://sunnyday.mit.edu/book2.pdf. This essay on Safety Engineering was written and submitted by user Jacoby Santos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Bastard King essays

The Bastard King essays William the Conqueror was born in 1027. His father, the previous Duke of Normandy, was known as Robert the Devil, and William himself as William the Bastard. Duke Robert had enamored himself of a girl named Herleve, who was the daughter of a tanner in the town of Falaise. Not long after William was born, Robert decided to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and before he went on the dangerous journey it was necessary to decide the succession to the Dukedom. He called a meeting of his feudal vassals and presented William as his heir. It is said the assembly did not like the choice but could not agree on any other; it reluctantly paid homage to the child. Robert set off on his journey and died on the way. At the age of seven William became the Duke of Few people have had such a dangerous childhood, lacking in the safety and continuity that children need. Almost at once Normandy fell to pieces. Every minor Baron set himself up as an independent sovereign and made war on his neighbors. For his own safety, his mothers family moved William from place to place. He began to grow up learning the politics of war and proved to be an apt student. By the age of sixteen he was knighted, and by the time he was eighteen the barons sensed a danger that he would soon be capable of pressing his claim to the Duchy. Many of them combined William, as the Duke of Normandy, was a vassal of the King of France, and during this crisis he asked for aid. The King came into Normandy with a French army, and in 1047 he and William met the rebels near the city of Caen. The interesting thing about this battle is that although infantry troops were present, it was fought entirely by mounted knights. With the help of the King, William won and at the age of nineteen, all the barons of Normandy swore allegiance to him. For the next decade, William would fight to preserve the power h...

Profile of Harvey M. Robinson

Profile of Harvey M. Robinson The east side of Allentown, Pennsylvania had the reputation of being a nice, safe area for families to raise children. The residents in the area felt secure to walk their dogs, jog, and let their kids play out in the yards. All of that changed in the summer of 1992. The residents and police force of Allentown had a problem. For the first time, its east side residents were being stalked by a serial killer. A Killer Is Born Harvey M. Robinson was born on December 6, 1974. He grew up in a troubled family. His father, Harvey Rodriguez Robinson, was an alcoholic and physically and emotionally abusive towards his mother. By the time he was three, his parents were divorced. Harvey Rodriguez Robinson ended up going to prison for manslaughter after beating his mistress to death. The younger Harvey idolized his father, regardless of his abusive and criminal behavior. School Years At a very early age, young Harvey Robinson showed great athletic and academic potential. He won awards for his essays and was a fierce competitor in wrestling, soccer, football and various cross-country sports. However, as early as nine years old he demonstrated a dark side that diminished all of his positive accomplishments. School counselors determined that Robinson suffered from severe conduct disorder. As a child, he was known to throw tantrums. As he got older, he developed a quick temper and was unable to define between right and wrong. From the age of nine to 17, he filled up a rap sheet with numerous arrests including burglary and resisting arrest. He was also a known substance abuser, which added to his propensity towards impulsive aggressive behavior. He detested authority and lashed out at those who tried to control him including the police and his teachers. As he grew older, his threats intensified. Teachers and students were afraid of Robinson, and he liked it. Why Robinson began raping and murdering children and women is unknown, but as far as what is known for sure, it all started on August 9, 1992, when he was 17-years-old. First Victim At about 12:35 a.m. on August 5, 1992, Robinson burglarized the home of Joan Burghardt, 29, who lived alone in a one-bedroom apartment on the first floor of a residential apartment complex on the east side of Allentown. He broke through the screen on the patio door, which was locked, and ripped just enough to slip his hand through the doorknob and open it. Burghardt reported the burglary and the missing $50 from a drawer in her bedroom dresser. Everything else seemed undisturbed. Four days later at around 11:30 a.m. on August 9, 1992, Burghardts neighbor telephoned the police to complain that Burghardts stereo had been on for three days and nights and that no one answered the doorbell. She also reported that the screen had been out of the window for three nights and during one of those nights she heard Burghardt screaming and banging the wall and sounds as if she was being beaten up. When the police arrived, they found Burghardt dead, lying on the living room floor. She had been severely beaten about the head. The autopsy revealed that Burghardt had been sexually assaulted and hit over the head at least 37 times, fracturing her skull and damaging her brain. She also had defensive injuries on both hands, indicating that she was alive during at least some of the attack. Seminal stains were found on a pair of shorts found at the scene, suggesting that a male had masturbated on them. Second Victim Charlotte Schmoyer, 15, was always diligent about delivering the Morning Call newspaper on her assigned route on the east side of Allentown. When she failed to deliver the paper on the morning of June 9, 1983, one of her customers scanned the street for the young carrier. She did not spot Schmoyer, but what she did see alarmed her enough to phone the police. Schmoyers newspaper cart was left unattended, for more than 30 minutes, in front of a neighbors house. When the police arrived, they found that the newspaper cart was half-filled with newspapers, and Schmoyers radio and the headset had been strewn on the ground between two houses. There were also finger streaks on the windowpane of the door to the nearby garage of one of the houses. Based on the scene the police concluded that Schmoyer had likely been abducted. The police began their search and found her bicycle abandoned along with some of her personal property. Within hours a tip came in, and investigators began searching a wooded area where they found blood, a shoe, and the body of Charlotte Schmoyer buried under a stack of logs. According to the autopsy report, Schmoyer was stabbed 22 times, and her throat was slashed. Also, there were cutting and scraping wounds in her neck area, indicating they were inflicted while the Schmoyer was conscious and her neck bent down. She had also been raped. Investigators were able to collect blood samples, a pubic hair and a head hair on Schmoyer that did not match her blood and hair. The evidence was later matched to Robinson through DNA. Burglary John and Denise Sam-Cali lived on the east side of Allentown, not far from where Schmoyer had been abducted. On June 17, 1993, Robinson burglarized their home while the couple was away for a few days. He had taken Johns gun collection, which was kept in a bag in the closet. Within days John bought three new guns, one of which he purchased for Denise for protection. The couple grew even more concerned about their safety after learning that someone had broken into their neighbors home and attacked their child. Third Victim On June 20, 1993, Robinson entered a womans home and choked and raped her five-year-old daughter. The child managed to live but based on her injuries it appeared that he had intended for her to die. Some theorized that he was actually after the childs mother, but when he found her sleeping with her partner, he attacked the child instead. Fourth Victim On June 28, 1993, John Sam-Cali was out of town, and Denise was alone. She awoke to the sounds Robinson was making from inside the walk-in closet near her bedroom. Frightened, she decided to try to run out of the house, but he grabbed her, and they struggled. She managed to get out of the house, but Robinson grabbed at her again and pinned her down onto the ground in the front yard. As the two fought, she was able to bite him on the inside of his arm. He repeatedly punched her, sliced her lip open and then raped her, however, her screams alerted a neighbor who turned on her porch light, and Robinson ran away. When the police arrived, they found Denise alive, but severely beaten, with strangulation marks around her neck, and her lip deeply slashed. They also found a butcher knife wrapped in a napkin lying outside the bathroom door. After recovering in the hospital, the Sam-Calis went out of town for a few days. Fifth Victim On July 14, 1993, Robinson raped and murdered Jessica Jean Fortney, 47, in the living room of her daughter and son-in-laws home. She was found dead, half-naked and her face was swollen and black. There was blood spatter on the wall indicating she had died a violent death. The autopsy revealed that Fortney died in the early morning hours after being strangled and severely beaten. It was also determined that she had been raped. What Robinson did not know was that Fortneys granddaughter had witnessed the killing and was able to give the police his description. Back to Finish the Job On July 18, 1993, the Sam-Calis returned home. Before going out of town, they had the house equipped with a burglar alarm. At about 4:00 a.m. Denise heard a noise in the house and then the back door opened, setting off the alarm and the intruder, Robinson, took off. After that, the Allentown police set up a sting operation and arranged for a police officer to stay in the Sam-Cali home every night. They thought the man who attacked her was coming back to kill her because she could identify him. Their hunch was right. Officer Brian Lewis was staked out inside the Sam-Cali home when at around 1:25 a.m. on July 31, 1993, Robinson returned to the house and tried to open doors. Lewis heard the noises, then watched as Robinson broke into the house through a window. Once he was entirely inside, Lewis identified himself as a police officer and told Robinson to halt. Robinson began shooting at Lewis and gunfire was exchanged. Lewis went to the Sam-Calis bedroom to warn the couple to stay inside the room. He then called for backup. In the meantime, Robinson escaped by breaking through several glass panels on a wooden door in the kitchen. The police found a blood trail in the kitchen and out the door. It looked like the intruder had been shot, or severely cut during his escape. The local hospitals were alerted. Caught A few hours later the police were called to the local hospital after Robinson showed up there to be treated for a gunshot wound. A physical exam of Robinson found that he had fresh wounds to his arms and legs indicative of being cut with glass as well as a bite mark on the inner part of his arm. Officer Lewis also identified Robinson as the man he encountered inside the Sam-Calis home. He was arrested on various charges including kidnapping, burglary, rape, attempted murder, and murder. Investigators built a large case against Robinson with DNA evidence, eyewitness accounts and physical evidence found at his home and the victims homes. It was a solid case. The jury found him guilty for raping and murdering Charlotte Schmoyer, Joan Burghardt, and Jessica Jean Fortney. He was sentenced to a combined 97 years in prison and three death sentences. Resentenced Robinson and his lawyers were able to get two of the three death sentences resentenced to life in prison. One death sentence remains.

To what extent did the Second World War transform European societies Essay

To what extent did the Second World War transform European societies - Essay Example death kind of ending to the World War II with the atomic bombs exploding in Japan and large scale death and destruction in Europe became a great resentment for every one. The impact of the violence was never lost in that generation of people who saw death and destruction like never before. This led to the formation of United Nations on one end and on the other; there was a strong support in the social front of every nation to be out of the violence (Giddens, A. 1985). Military was slowly and steadily weaned away from the ruling community over a period of time. It happened in all major countries who were involved in the war. Though immediately after the war, the war heroes were honoured and they were dominating in the political sphere too. But soon, military lost its ground with respect to the political power and clout that they wielded. This was seen as a victory for the peace loving society at large. Many social practices were influenced by the World War II. Ideologies could not hold ground because of the violence that they were seen to breed (Hobsbawm, E. 2002). Fascism found its natural death after the huge violence that its practices preached. While large scale political changes were in the offing with the increasing effect of communism and labour right movements across the world. The class divide was coming down. Though there was large scale dissatisfaction on many of the practising ideologies, people realised the importance of non-violent protests. Never again, could there be another French revolution with large scale blood letting. Now, people could find themselves raising protests in a more democratic way though violence did and continues to show its head either as a terrorist attack or during a protest march turning itself into riots. The tendency to rope in peace in the continent was wide spread. Most people wanted peace more than anything else. But still there was the nostalgic feeling of war and the glory that victory brings. This feeling is like the

George Berkeley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

George Berkeley - Essay Example This paper briefly analyses why he oppose the concept of matter and support the role of God in human life. Berkeley argued that whatever the material bodies at our sight are not material objects but light and colors only. He has pointed out that human senses has limitations in identifying the exact nature of objects because of the inferior powers of our senses. He has questioned the Newtonian concepts like space, time, motion etc. Newton was successful in defining material objects with respect to space, time, motion etc. Newton argued that every object in this universe is made up with a three dimensional space (Length, breadth and thickness).Moreover he has also argued that every object in this universe is either in a state of motion or in a state of rest with respect to another object. Berkeley questioned these Newtonian arguments and pointed out that our senses do not have the ability to recognize the actual shape and size of material objects in this world. Berkeley’s argume nts were summarized as a theory called "esse is percipi" which means all the things surrounding us are nothing but our ideas or shadows. These ideas were formed with the help of imperfect sensory inputs. Berkeley believed that human senses are not matured or perfect enough to recognize the actual shape and size of matters in this world. ... In other words, animals and human have different sensory abilities. The above example clearly shows that in this universe, different living things have different sensing abilities. Moreover it is quite possible that living things with superior sensing abilities than humans exist in this universe. Berkeley also argued that sensory inputs have no other existence which is different from our perceptions. For example, two blind people who try to recognize the shape of an elephant may perceive the shape of elephant differently if they touch different parts of elephant body. The one who touches the ear of the elephant may perceive the shape of elephant as flat whereas the one who touches the legs of an elephant may perceive the shape of elephant as cylindrical. In other words, we are quite similar to these blind people. Our senses are incapable of assessing the proper shape of an object. It is quite possible that the shape of an object may have other dimensions which we are incapable to per ceive using our senses. Berkeley believed only in spirits and ideas. He argued that the mental substance is a combination of mind, spirit and soul. Moreover, ideas rest in this mental substance. He also argued that spirit is the only active being whereas ideas are passive beings. In other words, ideas can be perceived differently by different people whereas spirit cannot be altered. Thus, Berkeley succeeded in classifying human knowledge into two broad categories; knowledge with respect to ideas and knowledge with respect to spirit. Spiritual knowledge cannot be perceived whereas knowledge based on ideas can be perceived by human senses. Thus, Berkeley argued that spiritual knowledge is beyond our control or beyond our grasping abilities. In short,

Entrepreneurship And Selling Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneurship And Selling Essay 1.0 Introduction There are various types of white coffee are selling in the market currently. Therefore, I would like to share about my new brand of white coffee, Fah Sin white coffee. As we all know, this industry in Malaysia is well known, with different brands such as Old Town White Coffee, Nescafe White Coffee, Ipoh White Coffee and so many others. For this product that I am about to share, is it fully owned by myself. Therefore, this is a fully sole-proprietor company. Before we go any further, let us look through the history of white coffee. White Coffee is a native product of Malaysia. Malaysia Origin White Coffee is made of well-chosen Liberica, Arabica and Robusta coffee beans and premium skim milk, processing in mild low-temperature baking and special process to remove the bitter and sour taste cause by high-temperature grilled, and minimize the caffeine, bitterness and sourness to the lowest without any additives added, outstanding aroma, gentle to stomach and retain the original color and flavor of coffee, the color is more softer than the regular coffee, light golden yellow with pure classical taste. The white coffee is a unique coffee drinks in Malaysia with about 100 years of history. White coffee doesn’t mean the color of coffee is white; it is made of well-chosen Liberica, Arabice and Robusta coffee beans, baking without caramel at direct low-temperature which takes 2.5 times longer than the high-temperature charcoal baking, and grind into coffee powder. It removes the scorch and sour taste cause by common high temperature fried and charcoal roasted, but retains the natural flavor and rich aroma of the coffee, memorable fragrant and smoothness. Gentle to stomach, do not get inflamed, low caffeine, pure mild quality, suits the requirements for modern taste of life with outstanding aroma. 2.0 General Macro Environment Elements. Entrepreneurship can be defined as the method of utilizing one’s individual creativity and inventiveness to bring in changes to an already existing business or to initiate a new business with a view to developing and expanding it and make it an economically profitable venture. To ensure that this new product could create a success and a new impact to the public, we have to study the ventures of environment assessment. The following diagram provides a clearer vision of the important parts of the assessment. As an entrepreneur, we have to look closely at the factors that is surrounding in our society, in order to achieve the target sales that we plan. The macro environments include the major forces that act not only on the firm itself, but also on its competitors and on elements in the micro-environment. The macro-environment tends to be harder to influence than does the micro-environment, but this does not mean that firms must simply remain passive; the inability to control does not imply an inability to influence. Often the macro-environment can be influenced by good public relations activities. The main elements of the macro-environment are known as PEST, which means: P – Political and Legislation. E – Economy S – Socio-Cultural T – Technology 2.1 Political and Legislation – Political factors often impact on business: recent examples are the worldwide movement towards privatization of former government-owned utilities and businesses, and the shift away from protection of workers’ rights. Firms need to be able to respond to the prevailing political climate, and adjust the marketing policy accordingly. For example, British Telecom, Deutsche Telekom and Telstra of Australia have all had to make major readjustments to their marketing approaches since being privatized, and in particular since seeing an upswing in competitive levels. Almost all the firms’ activities have been affected, from cutting the lead time between ordering and obtaining a new telephone, through to price competition in response to competitors’ cut-price long-distance and international calls. British Telecom was the UK’s fifth biggest spender on advertising during 2003. This segment is the arena in which different interest groups compete for attention and resources. This is where I can exercise my political power by obeying and adhere to the policy, legislation and regulations on how the business operates. There are 2 types of issue which we need to consider, which is the global issues and the national issues. As for my company, I will only need to observe the national issues, where taxation and regulations are more important. The reason is because the impact of taxation on business operations can reduce the cash available for business ventures to invest while some taxes are favorable to only certain business and disadvantageous to others. 2.2 Economy – Economic factors encompass such areas as the boom/bust cycle, and the growth in unemployment in some parts of the country as a result of the closing of traditional industries. Macro-economic factors deal with the management of demand in the economy; the main mechanisms governments use for this are interest rate controls, taxation policy and government expenditure. If the government increases expenditure (or reduces taxation), there will be more money in the economy and demand will rise; if taxation is increased (or expenditure cut), there will be less money for consumers to spend, so demand will shrink. Rises in interest rates tend to reduce demand, as home loans become more expensive and credit card charges rise. This factor plays a vital role in the success or failure of a new business. As an entrepreneur, we need to analyze this factor at the global, national and local levels. Meanwhile, we must also scan, monitor, forecast and assess the macroeconomic factors that can affect the new business. 2.3 Socio-Cultural – This factor consists of two major related aspects: 2.3.1 Demographic changes: It happens due to changes in the population, ethnic groups, and population structures according to age, gender, geographical location, and their income. These elements will clearly provide the data of consumers’ demand, buying power and industrial capacity. We need to assess these changes in order to identify our business opportunities. Demographic changes can have major effects on companies: the declining birth rate in most Western countries has an obvious effect on sales of baby products, but will eventually have an effect on the provision of state pensions as the retired have to be supported by an ever-shrinking number of people of working age. Likewise, changes in the ethnic composition of cities or in the population concentration (with few people living in the city centers of large cities) cause changes in the demand for local services and retailers, and (more subtly ) changes in the type of goods and services demanded. 2.3.2 Social trends: This relate to the lifestyle of a person. We also need to monitor the lifestyle changes in order to identify business opportunities. But yet, as an entrepreneur, we also need to forecast and assess the meaning of changes for our business by looking at their own self-interest. 2.4 Technology – This is also a vital factor for a new venture through product development and commercialization. Technological change happens in two forms: 2.4.1 Pure Invention: This refers to the creation of something new that is different from existing technology or product. Normally it has economic value and has no competitors at initial stages and it is often monopoly by individual. But there will be no market at the early stage. On the other hand, new inventions can create new markets and opportunities for business. For example, the invention of semiconductors created business opportunities in computers and mobile phones. 2.4.2 – Process Innovation: This refers to the s mall changes in design, product formulation and manufacturing, materials and distribution. Scanning and monitoring changes in technology are not easy tasks due to information is not easily available. 3.0 Elements of Macro Environment That Affects Our Organization. At the very beginning, we have look through all the major factors or the macro environment elements. Can we discover what the factors that might affect our new business are? We have to collect more information and data before we can launch a new product and to do researches about our country’s current situation. 3.1 -Political and Legislation: Malaysia is a peaceful country. We have no wars compared to other countries like Israel or Pakistan. We have also many types of ethnic in Malaysia, where we have malay, chinese, Indian, kadazan and so many others. Our legislation is controlled by our ruling government and we always live in peace and harmony. 3.2 -Economy: Malaysia economy is growing rapidly, with many overseas investors and also new ventures. This increased the working opportunities and the average income of a local scholar is RM 1800.00 – RM 2500.00, and therefore this will also help to increase the buying power. 3.3 -Socio-Cultural: If we look closely to the lifestyle of the working adults, we are always busy and always looking for something instant to eat or drink during in the office. Therefore, our new white coffee is very convenient and suitable for working adults as it is a 3 in 1 coffee packet. Drinking coffee also consider as a culture to working adults, to boost up their stamina while at work. 3.4 Technology: As for this white coffee, we have our very own research and development team. We are also planning to add in other herbal plants into this white coffee as an additive ingredients so that our coffee will taste better compared to other brand. Entrepreneurship, as discussed earlier, comprises of all the aspects of the new venture and the entrepreneur can face challenges from all of them. For instances, the finances for the enterprise has to be calculated, planned, accessed and distributed according to the project plan. For start-up ventures, the establishment and infrastructure costs will be high initially and an interval has to be allowed for the profits to show up in the accounts. The necessary permits, licenses and governmental procedures for starting the venture have to be procured in time for starting the production. Hiring of adequately skilled employees, building a strong sales-force, building a relationship with the consumers by getting to know their needs and satisfying these needs at a fair price, and satisfying the investors by turning into a profitable venture as soon as possible are also challenges that the entrepreneur has to learn to handle effectively and efficiently. 4.0 Micro-Economic Factors. Micro-economic factors are to do with the way people spend their incomes. As incomes have risen over the past 40 years or so, the average standard of living has risen, and spending patterns have altered drastically. The proportion of income spent on food and housing has fallen, whereas the proportion spent on entertainment and clothing has risen. Information on the economy is widely publicized, and marketers make use of this information to predict what is likely to happen to their customers and to demand for their products. Micro environment factors are factors close to a business that have a direct impact on its business operations and success. Before deciding corporate strategy businesses should carry out a full analysis of their micro environment. In this assignment, we discuss common micro environment factors. 4.1 Customers As all businesses need customers, they should be Centred (Orientated) around customers. The firms marketing plan should aim to attract and retain customers t hrough products that meets their wants and needs and excellent customer service. 4.2 Suppliers Suppliers provide businesses with the materials they need to carry out their business activities. A suppliers behavior will directly impact the business it supplies. For example if a supplier provides a poor service this could increase timescales or product quality. An increase in raw material prices will affect an organization’s Marketing Mix strategy and may even force price increases. Close supplier relationships are an effective way to remain competitive and secure quality products. 4.3 Competitors The name of the game in marketing is differentiation. Can the organization offer benefits that are better than those offered by competitors? Does the business have a unique selling point (USP)? Competitor analysis and monitoring is crucial if an organization is to maintain or improve its position within the market. If a business is unaware of its competitors activities they will find it very difficult to â€Å"beat† their competitors. The market can move v ery quickly for example through a change in trading conditions, consumer behavior or technological developments. As a business it is important to examine competitors responses to these changes so that you can maximize the impact of your response. 4.4 Financial Institutions – In Malaysia, we have SME Bank as our financial-aid. An organization, which may be either for-profit or non-profit, that takes money from clients and places it in any of a variety of investment vehicles for the benefit of both the client and the organization. SME Info provides the latest information, industry news and updates about the Small to Medium Enterprise segments in Malaysia. The portal also provides insights and latest news on government announcements, industry trends and available financing and training programmes for SMEs. Various developmental aspects for SMEs in Malaysia that the portal provides includes advisory services, financing options, training programmes, business networking and matching, and further industry events organized by the government and private sectors. SME Info is run by Bank Negara (The National Reserve Bank of Malaysia), where they play host as the Secretariat to the National SME Development Council. 4.5 Non-Government Organization – This organization could provide useful information and advices to new entrepreneurs. FOMCA Federation of Malaysian Consumers Associations (Gabungan Persatuan-Persatuan Pengguna Malaysia) For example, we have a very active consumer association in Malaysia which is known as Persatuan Pengguna Pulau Pinang. They are a very active group which protects all the consumers in Malaysia. 4.6 Government Agencies -In Malaysia, we have many local authority that control a new establishment of a company. For example, Companies Commission of Malaysia (SSM), JAKIM, and many others. Therefore, in Seremban, we need to deal with Majlis Perbandaran Seremban (MPS) in order to obtain our license. 5.0 Summary After looking at all the major criteria in order to achieve success for my new venture in this white coffee business, I am very sure that we can implement all the macro environment factors which we discussed earlier. It will not only help us to improve our sales in order to meet our sales goal, but can also expand my venture to overseas and maybe international. Therefore, we need to improve our technology, which is our Research and Development sector to produce better quality of the product. A good product will also ensure our consumer to achieve maximum satisfaction. With good impressions from our consumers, I believe our new product will gain a great impact to the society.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Themes of Strength and Sacrifice

Themes of Strength and Sacrifice in The Grapes of Wrath, In Steinbeck's novel, The Grapes of Wrath, Ma Joad and Rose of Sharon graphically portray the themes of strength and sacrifice. They are universal characters, the people who make up the fabric of society in every nation. Through them we understand the need for unity and we feel the desperation of the billions of laborers who struggle every day just to survive. Throughout the story Ma is a model of the strength of the human spirit. For example, Steinbeck says of her, "if she swayed the family shook, and if she ever really deeply wavered or despaired the family would fall, the family will to function would be gone". She is the foundation upon which the rest of the family stands. Just as when a single driblet of dye is dropped into a glass of water and disperses throughout, her strength permeates to the rest of the family, infusing them with her mightiness. Also, when the Wilson’s car breaks down and Pa proposes splitting up just for a short time until the car is repaired she threatens him with a jack handle. She knows that all they have in the world is each other and without each other to hold on to they have nothing. There is a saying "one finds comfort in numbers" however in this case "comfort" is replaced with survival. In addition, near the end of the book, when the boxcars have flooded and it seems all hope has been lost Ma leads the family to higher ground. Despite the despair she feels she overcomes it to do what must be done to insure that they survive to live another day. Her strength gives her the power rise above adve... ...s of people they exploit. They are in fact lower than those they consider subordinate. 1. Your thesis statement appears at the beginning of your paper. Thesis statements generally come at the end of the introductory paragraph. 2. Be sure to cite your quotes with the name of the author and the page number on which the exact quote can be found. â€Å"Blah† (Steinbeck 13). 3. You have good conclusion paragraph. You combine the strength of the characters and apply it to the world today. 4. Overall, you have a strong paper, just be sure to support your writing with quotes from the novel. You have one good quote but a quote to support the paragraph on Rose of Sharon would have strengthened your paper.

Effects of Having a Schizophrenic Family Member Essay

A. What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder that makes it hard for people affected to think clearly, have normal emotional responses, act normally in social situations and tell the difference between what is real and what is not. It makes people withdraw from the outside world and always act out in fear. People suffering from schizophrenia may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in strange ways, think that people are trying to harm them, and always feel as if they are being watched. They have difficulty in doing activities of daily life. This disease is caused either by one’s genetic make-up or abnormal brain structure. But the environment can be a cause too, as for the environmental factors, more and more research is pointing to stress. Like any other disease, schizophrenia has its own symptoms like strange ways of speaking, inability to express emotion and irrational statements. It is in these symptoms that we can detect persons with schizophrenia. And it is important that we diagnose them for medical treatment for schizophrenia may lead to violent behavior. B. Statement of the Problem People with schizophrenia don’t relate with people well and therefore makes it hard for the people who care for them to maintain a healthy relationship with them, the people they are related to, for example. For Schizophrenic people, it is hard to hold a stable job or even care for themselves. This makes them dependent on others and who else is best to care for them than their own family. However, schizophrenia sometimes results to violent behavior due to their inability to think clearly and belief that people are always trying to harm them. That is why many of their family members don’t know how to deal with them and this causes stress within the family. C. Thesis Statement Effects of Having a Schizophrenic Family Member D. Significance of the Study Schizophrenia is not a rare condition. The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be 1 in a 100. It therefore affects thousands of families. The love and support of a family is vital in treating Schizophrenia but it is difficult to cope with its symptoms. A family member deals with extreme reactions, deterioration from personal hygiene, inability to concentrate and social withdrawal. It is seen that families only put up with the patients for a short period of time because of their frustration in what seems to be lack of progress in treatments. In their inability to understand a person with schizophrenia, a family’s emotional support may wane and some even cut off all contact with their schizophrenic son, daughter, or sibling.

Representation of Gender in the Film The Crucible Essay

Nicolas Hytner has used a number of techniques such as camera angles, dialogue and music to represent gender through the film version of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. This is evident through the study of the characters John Proctor, Reverend Hale, Judge Danforth, Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams. The film is set in the mid 17th century in the Puritan society of Salem. The Puritans are a group of people who take the Bible literally and very seriously. Law and religion was tied together so that sin became crime and visa versa. Salem was a place where pleasure and relaxation of any sort was restricted and people lived under rigid Puritan constraints that allowed no room for privacy. All power within the society was derived from biblical authority and the patriarchal views of Salem, thus the society was led by ministers of religion and the patriarchs, with women as the third class citizen. Miller, reflecting his own 1953 context, is paralleling the Salem witch-hunt with the infamous drive by Senator Joseph McCarthy to expose ‘radicals’ and ‘communists’ in the USA. Clearly, the term â€Å"witch hunt† has come to mean the slandering of innocent people using them as scapegoats for the things that are wrong in society. Discrimination against Muslims during the recent Gulf War and War on Terrorism illustrates the universality of the issue of witch-hunting. With the context in mind, the representation of gender in Salem can be analysed. The tragic hero of the film, John Proctor, is presented as a stereotypical man of the late 1600s Salem. John is presented by Hytner as very much the moral centre of the film through the use of a variety of filmic techniques in the construction of his character. In the first scene he appears, his clothes are natural and earthy in colour and his movement while reaping is close to the natural rhythms of the earth. This paints a picture of Proctor as a handsome masculine man, a worthy farmer doing an honest day’s work. The rhythmic reaping of the field gives a comforting feel and shows John’s confidence with his tools – a man used to hard work. The sunlight reflects off his face bathing him in some spiritual power. His  children are out working with him giving the impression of a family man. Images of Proctor are also painted in the scene in Proctor’s household and both male and female roles in the home and family are juxtaposed. John as the head of the family is blunt and abrupt to his wife which was representative of family life at the time. John is master of his house and shows his power when he shouts the word â€Å"Woman!† at Elizabeth. The single word establishes that John’s status is higher than that of Elizabeth and she must submit to his will. Proctor’s dominance is shown in the repetition of the words â€Å"I’ll think on it† and his slamming down on the table signifies the end of their argument. His male qualities are shown in the way he uses his body to make a point and his physical supremacy over his wife. Juxtaposed to this is the representation of female gender through Elizabeth’s character. She is constructed as a rather cold, but highly moral woman. Elizabeth’s role in the home is to care for the house so John can relax whilst she waits on him. This is shown by how she begins to clean up the table as dialogue is established and how she serves John and does the dishes while he is comfortably seated. Thus her inferior status in this patriarchal society is established. The scene portrays the female gender as quiet, submissive and subservient, and a protector of the home from outer influences as we learn that she â€Å"sent Abigail on the roads† because of her sexual attraction to John. Elizabeth is a fine example of the women in Salem. She is stoic, in keeping with the cultural expectations where any show of emotion is considered unseemly. She demonstrates the reserve that, as a woman, she has practiced all her life. This gender role is celebrated throughout the film. She is resigned, willing to accept the laws of her society however unjust which can be seen in the scene when she is arrested. Endowed as the home maker and nurturer, socially expected roles, her meek submissiveness highlights her strength of character as a wife and a mother. This is done through the close up of her hugging her children before she is taken away. The film lauds her behaviour in this scene as quietly dignified, and her integrity is highlighted when she organises the care of her children and comforts them  and hopes her husband will bring her home soon. Essentially, Joan Allen’s acting accounts for much of Elizabeth’s dignity, for the actress stands upright and faces her ordeal with confidence. Hence, the actions of an actor compliment the other filmic techniques that represent gender roles in the film. Despite his patriarchal prerogatives in the household, Proctor’s status is eclipsed by the status of those involved with the theocracy, such as Reverend John Hale and Judge Thomas Danforth. Reverend Hale is portrayed in the traditional stereotype as a gentleman of intellect and authority. He acquires this authority through his unique knowledge of ‘the invisible world’. This can be seen in the scene when Hale interrogates the girls. His demeanour and dress linked with his patronising voice threaten the powerless girls, and establish his authority as a feared ‘expert’. The tilted camera angle looking up at Hale and down at the girls reinforces this power. Judge Danforth represents another form of biblical power in the patriarchal society of Salem. He is the enforcer of law, one with absolute power over the individual, one who holds power over life and death. In the scene of his arrival, his importance and power is signified by the music with an insistent drum beat that is very loud. The camera angle looks up at the entourage showing soldier, carriages and horses charging into Salem to take control. The crescendo of music stops with a gong like sound as Danforth steps out of his carriage in medium close up with an upward camera angle. He is dressed very formally in black with a gold buckle standing out on his hat and stands in an upright and confident stance. These factors combine to establish Danforth as the stereotypical judge – an aged man endowed with wisdom and knowledge, but nonetheless with a hint of stubbornness. Contrasting to all this is the representation of female gender. Women in the society possess barely any power at all, not even the right of freedom of expression. This is why they were dancing in the woods and ultimately triggering the whole episode of the witch hunt. It is no wonder why a girl like Abigail would seize her chance to enjoy her powers as â€Å"God’s fingers†. However this empowerment of Abigail, her unnaturally strong sexual  attraction and her unwilling to be a submissive maid/housewife all works against social expectations of Salem and the film’s stance on being male and female – this establishes Abigail as evil and dangerous. Apart from being represented as countering stereotypical qualities, she is also established as a manipulative whore. This could be seen in the scene where John and Abigail meet against the wall. Dialogue is used to represent Abigail as a seductress, â€Å"give me a sweet word John†. Music accompanies Abigail’s emotional state, simple, unmelodic and mysterious as Abigail tries to seduce John and becoming more melodic and threatening as Abigail grabs John’s crotch and harangues him to position Abigail as a more powerful figure. As Abigail and John start to argue, Abigail occupies the foreground and the centre of the frame. This framing positions her as an empowered female. All this contributes the film’s construction of Abigail as a resistant and countering role and a temptress. In conclusion, Miller has used various filmic techniques to construct and represent gender roles as pointed out above.

Red Army Faction or Baader-Meinhof Group

Red Army Faction or Baader-Meinhof Group The left-wing terrorist group Red Army Factions main objective was to protest what they perceived as fascist-leaning and otherwise oppressive, middle class, bourgeois values of West Germany. This general orientation was coupled with specific protests of the Vietnam War. The group pledged allegiance to communist ideals and opposed the capitalist status quo. The group explained its intentions in the RAFs first communique on June 5, 1970, and in subsequent communiques in the early 1970s. The group was founded in 1970 and disbanded in 1998. According to scholar Karen Bauer: The group declared that ... its aim was to escalate the conflict between the state and its opposition, between those who exploited the Third World and those who did not profit from Persian oil, Bolivian bananas and South African gold. ... Let the class struggle unfold! Let the proletariat organize! Let the armed resistance begin!(Introduction, Everybody Talks about the Weather...We Dont, 2008.) Notable Attacks April 2, 1968: Bombs set off by Baader and three others in two Frankfurt department stores cause significant property destruction. At trial, Gudrun Ensslin, Baaders girlfriend and a committed activist, claimed the bombs were intended to protest the Vietnam WarMay 11, 1971: A bombing of US barracks killed one US officer and wounded 13 others.May 1972: Bombing of police headquarters in Augsburg and Munich1977: A series of killings designed to pressure the German government to release detained members of the Group take place, including the assassination of chief public prosecutor Siegfried Buback; the assassination of Dresdner bank; Hans Martin Schleyer, abduction of the head of the Germany Association of Employers and former Nazi party member.1986: Siemens executive Karl-Heinz Beckurts is killed. Leadership and Organization The Red Army Faction is often referred to by the names of two of its primary activists, Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof. Baader, born in 1943, spent his late teens and early twenties as a combination of a juvenile delinquent and stylish bad boy. His first serious girlfriend gave him lessons in Marxist theory and later provided the RAF its theoretical underpinnings. Baader was incarcerated for his role in setting fire to two department stores in 1968, briefly released in 1969 and re-imprisoned in 1970. He met Ulrike Meinhof, a journalist, while in prison. She was to help him collaborate on a book, but went further and helped him escape in 1970. Baader and other founding members of the group were re-imprisoned in 1972, and activities were assumed by sympathizers with the groups imprisoned founders. The group was never larger than 60 people. The RAF After 1972 In 1972, the groups leaders were all arrested and sentenced to life in prison. From this point on until 1978, the actions that the group took were all aimed at gaining leverage to have the leadership released, or protesting their imprisonment. In 1976, Meinhof hung herself in prison. In 1977, three of the original founders of the group, Baader, Ensslin, and Raspe, were all found dead in prison, apparently by suicide. In 1982, the group was reorganized on the basis of a strategy paper called, Guerrilla, Resistance, and anti-Imperialist Front. According to Hans Josef Horchem, a former West German intelligence official, this paper †¦clearly showed the RAFs new organization. Its centre appeared at first still to be, as hitherto, the circle of RAF prisoners. Operations were to be carried out by the commandos, command level units. Backing Affiliation The Baader Meinhof Group maintained links with a number of organizations with similar goals in the late 1970s. These included the Palestine Liberation Organization, which trained group members to use Kalashnikov rifles, at a training camp in Germany. The RAF also had a relationship with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, which was housed in Lebanon. The group had no affiliation with the American black panthers but announced their allegiance to the group. Origins The groups founding moment was in a demonstration in 1967 to protest the elitism of the Iranian Shah (king), who was visiting. The diplomatic visit drew large grounds of Iranian supporters, who were living in Germany, as well as opposition. The killing by German police of a young man at the demonstration spawned the June 2 movement, a leftist organization that pledged to respond to what it perceived as the actions of a fascist state. More generally, the Red Army Faction grew out of specific German political circumstances and out of broad leftist tendencies in and beyond Europe in the late 1960s and 1970s. In the early 1960s, the legacy of the Third Reich, and Nazi totalitarianism was still fresh in Germany. This legacy helped shape the revolutionary tendencies of the next generation. According to the BBC, at the height of its popularity, around a quarter of young West Germans expressed some sympathy for the group. Many condemned their tactics, but understood their disgust with the new order, particularly one where former Nazis enjoyed prominent roles.